1 DATA SET OF THE 1st AND 2nd UNITED NATIONS WORLD CRIME SURVEYS Prepared by Graeme Newman and Bruce DiCristina School of Criminal Justice State University of New York at Albany Project supported by the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics, and conducted under the auspices of the United Nations Criminal Justice and Crime Prevention Branch, United Nations Office in Vienna. BACKGROUND The United Nations began its world crime surveys in 1978. The 1st survey collected statistics on a small range of offenses and the criminal justice process for the years 1970-1975. The 2nd survey collected data on a wide range of offense, offenders and criminal justice process data for the years 1975-1980. The 3rd survey, completed in 1991, collected a wide range of criminal justice data for the years 1980-1985. For many reasons, the first and second surveys do not overlap very well. Some 25% of those countries responding to the first survey did not respond to the second. Similarly, some 30% of those responding to the second survey did not respond to the first survey. In addition, there were many questions asked in the 2nd survey that were not asked in the 1st survey. DEVELOPMENT OF THE CURRENT DATA SET The data of the first two surveys of the United Nations World Crime surveys were combined, revised and re-checked using the following methods: (1) The use of UNCJIN (The United Nations Criminal Justice Information Network) relevant persons in member countries in order to verify and add to the data sets. Many of these individuals were identified from information provided in the 3rd UN survey which recorded the name of the contact person who filled out the 3rd survey questionnaire. (2) Collection from officially published data of member country handbooks and documents was conducted. The data were collated and checked largely following the methods developed by Archer and Gartner (Archer, Dane and Rosemary Gartner, Violence and Crime in Cross-national Perspective. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984). (3) Distribution of a validation questionnaire to member countries. This questionnaire was patterned after that of the 3rd United Nations world crime survey, and used the same definitions of crime and criminal justice categories. The 2 data collected from these questionnaires and applied to the existing data set. Where discrepancies were apparent, these data were double checked. Much missing data was also filled in as a result of these questionnaires. The definitions of the categories are shown below. SOURCES OF DATA It should be stressed that the data in these data sets represent the official statistics of member countries of the United Nations. They are the statistics which countries have chosen to make available to international exposure. 1. Data collected from the original United Nations World Crime Survey conducted in 1976. This was a questionnaire distributed to United Nations National Correspondents in member countries. This survey covered the years 1970-1975 inclusive. Countries responding were: Algeria, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Finland, France, German Fed Rep, Greece, Guyana, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Maldives, Morocco, New Zealand, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Qatar, San Marino, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Rep, Trinidad Tobago, United Kingdom, United States, Yugoslavia, Norway, Canada, Mauritius, Turkey 2. Data collected from the 2nd United Nations World Crime Survey, conducted in 1982-84. This survey covered the years 1975-1980 inclusive. This was a questionnaire distributed to United Nations National Correspondents in member countries. Countries responding were: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Barbados, Belgium, Bangladesh, Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Chad, Chile, Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cape Verde, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Ecuador, Fiji, Finland, France, Fed Republic Germany, Greece, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Jordan, Japan, Kuwait, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Korea, Romania, South Africa, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, St. Lucia, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Rep, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad & Tobago, Tuvalu, United Arab Emirates, Uganda, Uk - England, Uk - Ireland, Uk - Scotland, Uruguay, United States, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe 3. A United Nations Questionnaire On the Prevention and Control of Violence. This survey was conducted in 1980, and reported in "Violence, Its Causes and Prevention: A Survey of 32 Countries 1967-1977." International Review of Criminal Policy, United Nations, 1985. Countries responding were: Kuwait, Belgium, Japan, New Zealand, Pakistan, Portugal, Sweden, Thailand, United Kingdom, Venezuela, Poland, Cyprus, Costa Rica, Austria, Malta, Israel, India, The Netherlands, Finland, Columbia, Brasil, Australia, Jamaica, Denmark, Yugoslavia, West Germany, Qatar, Barbados, Greece, Norway, Morrocco, Lesotho. 4. The United Nations World Crime Survey Validation Questionnaires , conducted in 1990-1991, collecting data for the years 1970 through 1980 for every even year. Countries responding: Northern Ireland, England and Wales, Bangladesh, Brunei, Bulgaria, Cayman Islands, Fiji, Gibralter, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, Vanuatu, China, Kiribati. 5. Yearbooks, Annual Reports, Statistical Abstracts. These included, but were not limited to: New Zealand Pocket Digest of Statistics: 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983 New Zealand Official Yearbook: 1983 Denmark. Statistical Yearbook: 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1982 3 Statistical Abstract of Sweden: 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982/83 Statistical Yearbook of Norway: 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982 Northern Ireland. Ulster Year Book: 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978-79, 1983 Statistical Abstract of Israel: 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980 Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia: 1975, 1977-78, 1979 Statistical Abstract of Ireland: 1972-73, 1977, 1980 (Dublin: Central Statistics Office) India. Statistical Abstract: 1978, 1980, 1985 The Times of India: Directory and Yearbook (1976, 1980-81) Statistical Yearbook of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Statisticki Godisnjak Jugoslavije): 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1982, 1983 Concise Statistical Yearbook of Poland: 1974, 1975, 1980, 1982 (Warszawa: Central Statistical Office) Korea Annual: 1973, 1974, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982 Republic of Korea. Statistical Yearbook: 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981 Korea Statistical Handbook: 1980, 1982 Statistical Handbook of Japan: 1980, 1981 Japan '82 Statistical Pocket Book of Turkey: 1978, 1982, 1984 Statistical Yearbook of Turkey: 1987 Kuwait. Annual Statistical Abstract: 1977, 1978, 1981 Statistical Abstract of Sri Lanka: 1973, 1977, 1979, 1982 South Africa 1975: Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa. Second edition. Republic of Cyprus. Statistical Abstract: 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975 Malta. Annual Abstract of Statistics: 1977, 1983 Statistical Yearbook of Iran: 1352 (March 1973 - March 1974) Iran Almanac and Book of Facts: 1976 4 A Statistical Reflection of the Islamic Republic of Iran: 1986 Iraq. Abstract of Statistics: 1970 Singapore 1971 Statistical Yearbook of Thailand: 1985-86 Trinidad & Tobago. Annual Statistical Digest: 1976/77 Anuario Estatistico do Brasil: 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1982 (Ministerio do Planejamento e Coordenacao Geral, Fundacao Ibge, Instituto Brasileiro de Estatistica) Chile. Compendio Estadistico: 1977, 1978, 1979 Panama en Cifras: 1968-72, 1970-74, 1971-75, 1972-76 (Direccion de Estadistica y Censo, Panama) Annual Statistics of Costa Rica: 1976 (General Direction of Statistics and Census, Ministry of Economy, Industry and Trade, San Jose, Costa Rica) Anuario Estadistico de la Republica Argentina: 1978 Annual Statistics of Spain: 1982 (National Institute of Statistics) Statistical Yearbook of Greece: 1981 Republic of Zambia. Statistical Yearbook: 1971 (Lusaka: Central Statistical Office) Statistical Yearbook of The Netherlands: 1988 6. Other Sources: Brazil: A Handbook of Historical Statistics (1985) 10 Years of Pakistan in Statistics: 1972-1982 (Karachi: Federal Bureau of Statistics) Source Book of Australian Criminal and Social Statistics: 1804- 1988 (Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology) The Caribbean year Book: 1977-78 (Toronto; Caribook Limited) Statistical Abstract of Latin America (Vol. 24) European Marketing Data and Statistics: 1973 5 Gunther Kaiser. Prison Systems and Correctional Laws: Europe, the United States, and Japan. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Transnational Publishers, Inc. Guyana. Crime, Race and Culture: A Study in a Developing Country. By Howard Jones. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Gordon Read. "Young Offenders, Hopes and Fears, a Comparison Between Poland and England". In Thelma Wilson, ed., Penal Services for Offenders: Comparative Studies of England and Poland 1984/85. Brookfield, USA: Avebury. Marshall B. Clinard. Cities with Little Crime: The Case of Switzerland. New York: Cambridge University Press. Luis Salas. Social Control and Deviance in Cuba. Praeger. Adedokun A. Adeyemi. "Crime and Development in Africa: a Case Study on Nigeria". In Ugljesa Zvekic, ed., Essays on Crime and Development. United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, Publication No. 36, Rome, July 1990. Sam S. Souryal. "Religious Training as a Method of Social Control". In Ugljesa Zvekic, ed., Essays on Crime and Development. United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, Publication No. 36, Rome, July 1990. Contrasts in Tolerance: Post-war Policy in The Netherlands, and England and Wales. By David Downes. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1988. South Africa. The Juvenile Justice System: Where Minorities Become Majorities, by Alton J. Maddox, Jr. William Clifford. Crime Control in Japan. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books. Area Handbook for Jamaica. (compiled by The American University) (data are based on information from Jamaica, National Planning Agency, "Economic and Social Survey", Jamaica 1973, Kingston, 1974) Area Handbook for Trinidad & Tobago. (compiled by The American University, 1976) (data are based on information from Trinidad & Tobago, Central Statistical Office, "Annual Statistical Digest 1971-72", Port-of-Spain, November, 1973) Area Handbook for Venezuela (compiled by The American University, 1977) (data are based on information from "Annuario Estadistico", 1973 II, Caracas, 1975; and Organizacion de los Americanos, "America en Cifras", 1972, Situacion Politica y Administration, Washington, 1973.) 6 Area Handbook for Columbia (compiled by The American University, 1977) Zambia: A Country Study (data from Zambia Police Annual Report, 1974, Lusaka, 1976) Area Handbook for Sierra Leone (based on information from Sierra Leone, "Estimates of Revenue and Expenditures, 1975- 76", August 1975) Israel: A Country Study (based on data from Israel, Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstract of Israel 1977, No. 28, Jerusalem, 1977.) Beligum: A Country Study (Compiled by The American University, 1984) DEFINITIONS In the validation questionnaire and in interpreting and recording official statistics, the following definitions were applied as far as possible. It will be recognized that, owing to the immense variation in criminal justice systems around the world, these categories are of necessity rough. 1. Intentional homicide refers to death purposely inflicted by another person, including infanticide. 2. Non-intentional homicide refers to death not purposely inflicted by another person. It includes manslaughter but excludes traffic accidents resulting in death. 3. Assault refers to physical attack against the body of another person, including battery but excluding indecent assault. It may or may not include minor assaults according to the particular country. 4. Rape refers to sexual intercourse without valid consent. 5. Robbery refers to taking away of property from a person, overcoming resistance by force or threat of force. 6. Theft refers to the taking away of property without the owners' consent, including burglary and house breaking. It includes the theft of a motor vehicle. Shoplifting and other minor offences, e.g. pilfering and petty theft may or may not be included as minor thefts, according to the usual practice of the particular country. 7 7. Fraud refers to the acquisition of the property of another by deception. Fraudulent obtaining of financial property may or may not be included. 8. Kidnapping refers to the abduction and seclusion of a person by deceit, by force or by threat of force, with or without ransom demands. Cases of disputed child custody may or may not be included in the figures provided. 9. Drug-related crimes refers to intentional acts that may involve the cultivation, production, manufacture, extraction, preparation, offering for sale, distribution, purchase, sale, delivery on any terms whatsoever, brokerage, dispatch, dispatch in transit, transport, importation and exportation of drugs and psychotropic substances. As simple possession is treated differently in different legal codes, separate statistics on possession are requested. 10. Bribery and corruption refers to the requesting and/or acceptance of a material or personal benefit, or promise thereof, in connection with the performance of a public function for an action that may or may not be a violation of law and/or promising as well as giving material or personal benefit to a public officer in exchange for a requested favour. 11. Other refers to serious types of crime that are completely different from those listed above and that are regarded as serious and frequent enough to require a separate category in the criminal statistics of the particular country (e.g. conspiracy or membership of a criminal association). 12. Crimes recorded by the police refer to the number of penal court offences or their equivalent, i.e. various special law offences, but excluding minor road traffic and other petty offences, brought to the attention of the police or other law enforcement agencies and recorded by one of these agencies. 13. Police or law enforcement refers to public agencies whose principal functions are the prevention, detection and investigation of crime and the apprehension of alleged offenders. Police may or may not form part of the national security force of the particular country. 14. Prosecutor refers to a government official whose duty is to initiate and maintain criminal proceedings on behalf of the state against persons accused of committing a criminal offence. 15. Persons prosecuted refers to alleged offenders proceeded against by means of an official charge, initiated 8 by the public prosecutor or the law enforcement agency responsible for prosecution. 16. Persons convicted refers to persons found guilty by any legal body duly authorized to do so under national law, whether the conviction was later upheld or not. May or may not include persons convicted by any agency other than the courts. "Grand total" number convicted includes serious special law offences but excludes minor road traffic and other petty offences. 17. Judges and magistrates refers to both full and part- time officials authorized to hear civil, criminal and other cases, including appeal courts, and make dispositions in a court of law. May or may not include associate judges and magistrates, who may be authorized as above. Lay judges and magistrates refer to persons performing the same functions as the professional officials but who do not have the same formal qualifications as the categories above. 18. Prison refers to all penal and correctional institutions wherein offenders and alleged offenders are deprived of their liberty. Prison population is the population reported on a particular day of the year. In some cases it may be the average of several daily counts for the year. 19. The definition of juvenile is relative to the particular country. This may vary from as much as 6 years to 18 years. 20. Offender based statistics. Offenders recorded by the police as an outcome of arrest or apprehension. 9 DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA The data are divided into two data sets. Data set 1 comprises all data on offenses and some criminal justice personnel. This set is the most complete of the data sets. Data set 2 includes data on offenders, prosecutions, convictions and prison data. This set is less complete than data set 1. The data sets are called WCSONE.DOC and WCSTWO.DOC on this disk. All data are numbers, not rates. DATA SET ONE Cases: 101 cases with 30 records per case. Countries Reporting: There are data for the following countries: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Brunei, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Chad, Chile, Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fed Rep Germ, Fiji, Finland, France, Gibraltar, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, St.Lucia, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad Tobago, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, Uk - England, Uk - Ireland, Uk - Scotland, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Variables: 175 plus 60 identifier variables (country name, record number ). Description of Variables: Crime data are entered for 1970 through 1980. In most cases 1975 is entered twice, since both surveys collected data for this year. Users are advised to check for discrepancies between the data of these overlap years. Special considerations Where substantial discrepancies occurred between the validation data collected through our questionnaire, the questionnaire data were entered, unless they appeared substantially to deviate from the overall pattern of the data. This occurred in only a few instances. The following crime categories could not be made comparable between the first and second surveys: 10 Rape. The term "rape" was not used in the 1st survey. Instead, the phrase "sex offences" was used. Drugs. In the 1st survey, the phrase "substance abuse" was used, and the responses broken down into "drugs" and "alcohol." The data recorded in this data for the 1st survey are for "substance abuse" with alcohol excluded. The nearest equivalent to this in the 2nd survey was the category "drug crimes." However, the 1st survey also requested data on "illegal traffic in drugs." This was not requested in the 2nd survey, although the variables are included in this data set, and some data entered into them from the validation questionnaires. Judges. The 1st survey did not define "judges" at all, so did not distinguish between professinal and lay judges. The data of the 2nd survey report only professional judges. Totals. Total crimes was a separate category in both surveys. It does not necessarily equal the sum of the other crime categories collected in teh survey. In some developing countries, for example, often the gross total of all crimes was the only statistic available. Missing Values. These are coded either as M or left blank. A zero means zero. In Table 1, the variables are listed in order as they appear in the data set. An identifier record number and country name precedes each list of crime variables on each record. The list of variables and their respective column numbers may be found on the disk in the file VARSONE.DOC. DATA SET TWO Cases: 101 cases with 12 records per case. Record 30 contains a single country identifier variable. Countries Reporting: There are data for the following countries: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Brunei, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Chad, Chile, Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fed Rep Germ, Fiji, Finland, France, Gibraltar, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, St.Lucia, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad Tobago, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, Uk - England, UK - Ireland, UK - Scotland, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Variables: 175 plus 12 identifier variables (country name, record number ). Description of Variables: Data are entered for 1970 through 1980, for every even year. Data for the 1st survey have been collapsed into the categories 1970/71, 1972/73, and 1974/75. This is because there was considerable missing data for these years for these variables. These data do not represent averages of the two years combined, but either the data of the odd or even year. Where data were available for both years, the data for the even year were entered. This decision was taken because the validation questionnaire collected data for even years only. There is generally little movement of the data from year to year. Special considerations Where substantial discrepancies occurred between the validation data collected through our questionnaire, the questionnaire data were entered, unless they appeared substantially to deviate from the overall pattern of the data. This occurred in only a few instances. Totals. Total convictions was a separate category in both surveys. It does not necessarily equal the sum of convictions for other crime categories collected in the survey. In some developing countries, for example, the gross total of all convictions was the only statistic available. Missing values. These are coded as M or left blank. A zero means zero. In Table 2, the variables are listed in order as they appear in the data set. An identifier country name on a single record precedes each set of records for each case. A record number precedes each list of data on each record. The list of variables and their respective column numbers may be found on the disk in the file VARSTWO.DOC. 12 TABLE 1 DATA SET 1 Category Variable List Crimes Reported [Country] & Dependent Variables to Police Record # MURDER 1 NNHOM70N to NNHOM75N MURDER 2 NNHOM75 to NNHOM80 ASSAULT 3 AS70 to AS75 ASSAULT 4 ASS75 to ASS80 SEX CRIMES 5 SEX70 to SEX75 RAPE 6 RAPE75 to RAPE80 ROBBERY 7 ROB70 to ROB75 ROBBERY 8 ROBB75 to ROBB80 THEFT 9 THEFT70 to THEFT75 THEFT 10 THEFTT75 to THEFTT80 FRAUD 11 FRAUD70 to FRAUD75 FRAUD 12 FRAUDS75 to FRAUDS80 KIDNAPING 13 KID70 to KID75 KIDNAPING 14 KIDN75 to KIDN80 TOTAL CRIMES 15 TOTC70 to TOTC74 TOTAL CRIMES 16 TOTC75 to TOTC80 DRUG USE 17 DABUSE70 to DABUSE75 DRUG CRIMES 18 DCRIME75 to DCRIME80 DRUG TRAFFIC 19 TDRUG70N to TDRUG75N DRUG TRAFFIC 20 TDRUG75 to TDRUG80 BRIBERY 21 BRIB70N to BRIB75N BRIBERY 22 BRIB75 to BRIB80 Offenders recorded by arrest or apprehension OFFENDERS 23 AO70N to AO75N OFFENDERS 24 AO75 to AO80 JUVENILES 25 JD70N to JD75N JUVENILES 26 TJAPP75 to TJAPP80 Criminal Justice Personnel POLICE 27 POL73 POLICE 28 POL75 to POL80 JUDGES 29 JUG1973 to JUG1980 PROSEC 30 PRO73 to PRO80 13 TABLE 2 DATA SET 2 Total Convictions Record # 31 TCON701 TCON723 TCON745 TCON76 to TCON80 Total Male Convictions Record #32 MCON701 MCON723 MCON745 MCON76 to MCON80 Total Adult Convictions Record #33 ACON701 ACON723 ACON745 ACON76 to ACON80 Robbery Convictions Record #34 ROBC701 ROBC723 ROBC745 ROBC76 to ROBC80 Rape Convictions Record #35 RAPC701 RAPC723 RAPC745 RAPC76 to RAPC80 Theft Convictions Record #36 THEC701 THEC723 THEC745 THEC76 to THEC80 Fraud Convictions Record #37 FRAC701 FRAC723 FRAC745 FRAC76 to FRAC80 Drug Crime Convictions Record #38 DRGC701 DRGC723 DRGC745 DRGC76 to DRGC80 Total Juvenile Convictions Record #39 JUVC701 JUVC723 JUVC745 JUVC76 to JUVC80 Daily Average Prison Pop.Record #40 PRIS701 PRIS723 PRIS745 PRIS76 to PRIS80 Prison Staff Record #41 PSTF701 PSTF723 PSTF745 PSTF76 to PSTF80