ÿWPC  ¡cÀ’Gƒz–u_¨ÅÙ;Òz‘ýlÉË5¸kvÙ–Âd!uÀÊþ¢Ñ$Ä÷Þã¡ º5½NõŽÄŸÃËP?aˆó!×rÉ <Þ¬”©¢:(+ªi[×/j($U®'‘Vô~4 ¨Ô2>ùéBòÙ§ŸXäkšÔ;$ä¡›ÂÌ)ÇË'»xÏx+½µ¯sÂ`ó*—›­<†²™.£F°3gÕÎ$P¿vP7{þb›ã¨Þd_M– U:š Ô #!ä U N %S 0(Y N ^ ƒ w@ 4Ï ã må å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å Bü ü ü ü ü E „ øð AZ‹"Arial Regular3|P"˜HP DeskJet 810C Series Printer0(,,,,0(0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡/#'‰ ///UƒVD E!ƒ"ƒT'x`ƒjÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ dÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔññÙÙÑTRU¸Ë6½&A4Xà3Ø' LetterË6½&A4ÿ3Ø'TÑññññññÔ‡X”ÌXXXÔññññññÔ‡&œ %XXÔñññ ñññÔUKUS.,Ôñññ ñññÑ8€ðXXdìdÈ8ÑÑ  Ñà@Œ Œ +^àGLOBAL€BIBLIOGRAPHY€OF€PRISON€SYSTEMSˆÐ ° Ðà@X X (^àVersion€Ô_Ô2.0ñññ!ññ!ññ"ñabsñ"ññ!ñÔ_Ô€(with€occasional€abstracts)ñ!ñññˆÌà@ø ø )^àÔ#†XðX%&œ Ï#Ôԇƒ½ÂXXðÔCompiled€February,€1998€through€May,€1999Ô#†XðXƒ½4#ÔÔ‡&œ %XXðԈРh¸ ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà@´´^àCentre€for€International€Crime€Prevention,€Office€for€Drug€Control€and€Crime€PreventionˆÌà@h h ,^àÔ_ÔP.O.Ô_Ô€Box€500,€A-1400€Vienna€AUSTRIAˆÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌßA€—œ) °°xdE°/%]AßÐ 0%€ & ÐÔ#†XðX%&œ Ÿ#ÔÔ‡ôÿŒõXXðÔCompiled€by€Philip€L.€Ô_ÔReichelÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔPh.D.Ô_ÔÐ ?% ' ÐAssisting€with€version€2.0€was€Ms.€Ô_ÔStephaniÔ_Ô€RamseyÔ#†XðXõôÿŒ0#ÔññññÐ  &W!(s ÐÔ_ÔññññññÔ‡&œ %XXðÔÌÔ#†&œ %%&àq’#ÔÔ#†XðX%&œ ,#Ôñññññ ñññÔUS.,UK.,îÔñññ ñññÔ_ÔÌññà0  àà ° àAbeba,€Tesfagiorgis.€1992.€òòA€painful€season€and€a€stubborn€hope:€The€odyssey€of€anÐ œì ÐEritrean€motheróó.€Trenton,€NJ:€Red€Sea€Press.€{Eritrea}€€ÐˆØ " " Ðà0  àà ° àAdams,€Robert,€and€Jo€Campling.€1994.€òòPrison€riots€in€Britain€and€the€USAóó.€London:Ð tÄ ÐMacmillan.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€€A€study€examines€the€history,€nature,€origins€and€outcomes€of€prison€riots€in€GreatÏBritain€and€the€U.S.;€responses€to€them;€and€assesses€their€significance€andÏimplications€for€penal€policy€and€practice.€€{England€&€Wales;€United€States}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAdeyemi,€Adedokun€A.€1994.€ð ðPersonal€reparations€in€Africa:€Nigeria€and€Gambia.ðð€Pp.€53„¼66€in€òòAlternatives€to€imprisonment€in€comparative€perspectiveóó,€edited€by€UgljesaÐ ü L  ÐZvekic.€Chicago:€Nelson„Hall.€{Africa;€Nigeria;€Gambia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAFL„CIO.€1997.€òòPrison€labor:€Are€we€heading€back€to€the€future?óó€Washington,€D.C.:€PublicÐ Ô$  ÐEmployee€Dept.,€AFL„CIO.€{United€States}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAgencia€Espanola€de€Cooperacion€Internacional.€1991.€òòLa€mujer€en€los€centros€deÐ ¬ü  Ðrehabilitacion€socialóó.€Quito:€Ministerio€de€Bienestar€Social;€Direccion€Nacional€de€laÐ ˜è  ÐMujer.€{Ecuador}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAguirre,€Carlos€Arturo.€1996.€òòCriminology€and€prison€reform€in€Lima,€Peru,€1860„1930óó.€AnnÐ pÀ ÐArbor,€MI:€University€Microfilms€International.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€A€study€examines€the€evolution€of€institutions€of€confinement€in€Lima,€Peru,€during€aÏperiod€of€political,€social€and€economic€transformations,€1860„1930.€It€is€hypothesizedÏthat€the€operation€of€prisons€in€Lima€during€this€period€is€revealing€of€the€truncatedÏnature€of€modernization€in€Peru.€Despite€intermittent€campaigns€for€the€reform€ofÏprisons,€and€despite€the€changes€in€many€other€realms€of€society,€prisons€remainedÏessentially€unreformed,€continued€to€rely€on€"ancien„regime"€types€of€punishment,Ïprisoners€were€subjected€to€inhumane€conditions€of€living,€modern€rules€of€disciplineÏand€order€inside€the€prison€were€not€effected,€and€the€fate€of€prisons€continued€to€restÏon€a€precarious€and€double„edged€"customary€order"€created€by€both€prison€employeesÏand€inmates.€The€Peruvian€state€failed€to€implement€what,€since€the€1850s,€had€beenÏproposed€(and€officially€embraced)€as€the€solution€to€the€problem€of€crime€and€socialÏdisorder:€the€building€of€modern€carceral€institutions€that€would€accomplish€the€goal€ofÏtransforming€criminals€into€honest,€law„abiding,€and€industrious€citizens.€ThreeÏelements€that€help€to€explain€this€situation:€first,€the€inadequacies€of€the€Peruvian€stateÏto€meet€the€organizational€challenges€necessary€to€implement€a€thorough€andÏcomprehensive€program€of€prison€reform;€second,€the€strategies€used€by€prisoners€toÏchallenge€the€imposition€of€tighter€forms€of€control€and€discipline;€and€third,€theÏauthoritarian€and€exclusionary€nature€of€the€modernization€process€and€theÏpervasiveness€of€traditional€forms€of€social€interaction.€€{Peru}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAhmad,€Salim.€1997.€òòBlood€beaten€track:€Sheikh€Mujib's€nine€months€in€Pakistani€prisonóó.Ð Ì&"% ÐLahore:€Book€Traders.€{Pakistan}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAkers,€Ronald€L.,€Norman€S.€Hayner,€and€Werner€Gruninger.€1977.€ð ðPrisonization€in€fiveÏcountries:€Type€of€prison€and€inmate€characteristics.ðð€òòCriminologyóó€14:527„554.Ð)à$( " " Ðà0  à*€€Interorganization€and€cross„cultural€comparisons€were€made€among€different€typesÏof€prisons€located€in€five€countries„„England,€Mexico,€Spain,€the€United€States,€andÏWest€Germany„„as€a€test€of€the€relative€importance€of€the€functional€(situationÏresponse)€and€importation€(prior€socialization)€variables€in€prisonization.€InterviewsÏwere€conducted€with€top€administrators,€on„site€observations€were€made,€and€inmatesÏcompleted€a€questionnaire€designed€to€elicit€information€on€their€characteristics€andÐ /h*. Ðthe€inmate€system.€A€normative€orientation€among€inmates€which€is€in€opposition€toÏstaff€expectations€was€found€in€all€prisons€in€all€countries.€Adherence€to€thisÏorientation€by€individual€inmates€is€most€prevalent€among€American€inmates€and€leastÏamong€Mexican€inmates.€Pluralistic€ignorance,€wherein€inmates€over„€estimate€theÏdegree€to€which€other€inmates€adhere€to€this€inmate€culture,€is€found€everywhere.€TheÏfunctional€theory€of€the€inmate€system€receives€more€support€than€the€importationÏtheory€with€regard€to€the€general€orientation€to€the€institution€and€its€programs€and€toÏattitudes€toward€and€interaction€with€staff.€The€two€models€explain€equally€well€theÏextent€to€which€prisoners€adopt€the€inmate€code.€Theoretical€and€policy€implicationsÏare€discussed.€€{England;€Mexico;€Spain;€United€States;€Germany}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔAkerstromÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔMalinÔ_Ô.€1986.€ð ðOutcasts€in€prison:€The€cases€of€informers€and€sex€offenders.ððÏÔ_ÔòòDeviant€Behavioróó€7:1„12.ÐÀ  " " Ðà0  à*€A€study€examines€the€underlying€reasons€for€social€rejection€faced€by€informers€andÏsex€offenders€in€the€prison€population€in€Sweden.€Data€were€gathered€from€in„depthÏinterviews€with€104€inmates€and€41€prison€staff€members€in€9€prisons€in€1983„84.ÏAbout€2/3€of€the€interviewed€inmates€were€in€isolation€or€semi„isolation€wards,€mostÏbecause€they€had€been€harassed€by€other€prisoners€for€being€informers€or€having€beenÏconvicted€of€rape.€Findings€suggest€a€qualitative€difference€in€the€moral€condemnationÏof€the€2€groups,€as€shown€by€their€different€victim€statuses€and€the€responsibility€andÏmotives€attributed€to€them.€Excuses€are€considered€for€sex€offenders,€but€not€forÏinformers.€While€the€aim€of€harassment€of€sex€offenders€is€a€sealing€of€status€boundary,Ïit€is€a€sealing€of€norm€boundary€for€informers.€Informers€are€seen€as€traitors€„„€havingÏformerly€belonged€to€the€group€„„€while€sex€offenders€are€seen€as€non„members,€neverÏhaving€belonged€to€the€group€and€not€wanted€as€members.€€{Sweden}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAlata,€Jean„Paul.€1976.€òòPrison€Ô_Ôd'AfriqueÔ_Ôóó.€Paris:€Editions€du€Ô_ÔSeuilÔ_Ô.€{Africa;€Guinea}Ð ¨ø ÐÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAlexander,€Neville.€1994.€òòÔ_ÔRobbenÔ_Ô€Island€prison€dossier:€1964„1974óó.€Ô_ÔRondeboschÔ_Ô,€SouthÐ €Ð ÐAfrica:€University€of€Cape€Town.€{South€Africa}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔAlkayamÔ_Ô,€Sami.€1988.€òòÔ_ÔNidonÔ_Ô€le„Ô_Ôma'asarÔ_Ô€'Ô_ÔolamÔ_Ô:€Ô_ÔyomanoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔshelÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔasirÔ_Ô€(Sentenced€for€lifeÐ X ¨ Ðimprisonment)óó.€Tel„Aviv:€Ô_ÔSifriyatÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôpo'alimÔ_Ô.€{Israel}€ÐD!” " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔAmatoÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔNicoloÔ_Ô.€1990.€òòÔ_ÔOltreÔ_Ô€le€Ô_ÔsbarreÔ_Ôóó.€Milano:€A.€Ô_ÔMondadoriÔ_Ô.€{Italy}€Ð0"€  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmerican€Association€of€Law€Libraries.€1990.€òòRecommended€collections€for€prison€and€otherÐ #l! Ðinstitution€law€librariesóó.€Chicago,€Ill.:€American€Association€of€Law€Libraries.Ð $X" Ð{Canada;€United€States}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmerican€Association€of€Law€Libraries.€1991.€òòCorrectional€facility€law€libraries:€An€A€to€ZÐ à%0!$ Ðresource€guide€providing€legal€services€for€prisonersóó.€Laurel,€Md.:€AmericanÐ Ì&"% ÐCorrectional€Association.€{Canada;€United€States}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmerican€Correctional€Association.€1981.€òòThe€Mexican€penal€colony€at€Ô_ÔIslasÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMariasÔ_Ô:Ð ¤(ô#' ÐImplications€for€alternative€environments€for€long„term€incarcerationóó.€College€Park,Ð )à$( ÐMD:€American€Correctional€Association.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€€Mexico's€Ô_ÔIslasÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMariasÔ_Ô€Penal€Colony,€which€is€on€an€island€off€Mexico's€Pacific€coast,Ïis€both€the€largest€penal€colony€in€the€world€and€an€innovative€correctionalÏenvironment.€The€colony€is€unique€in€that€married€prisoners€may€serve€their€sentencesÏin€the€company€of€their€wives€and€children.€The€prisoners€and€their€families€live€inÏsingle„family€dwellings€clustered€in€camps€or€small€villages€scattered€throughout€theÐ /h*. Ðisland.€The€population€of€Ô_ÔIslasÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMariasÔ_Ô€is€approximately€3,500€persons,€about€1,500€ofÏthem€prisoners,€and€2,000€family€members,€staff,€and€Mexican€marines.€All€prisonersÏare€eligible€to€work€in€one€or€Ô_Ôanother€of€the€island's€industries€for€wages€comparable€toÏthose€that€would€be€received€elsewhere€in€Mexico.€The€island€has,€as€an€objective,€theÏachievement€of€90€percent€self„sufficiency.€Compared€with€traditional€correctionalÏinstitutions,€there€are€relatively€few€restrictions€placed€on€the€movement€and€behaviorÏof€the€inmates.€Reasons€why€America€should€attempt€an€experimental€familyÏcorrectional€community€incorporating€some€of€the€features€of€the€Islas€Marias€PenalÏColony€are€discussed.€€{Mexico}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmerican€Correctional€Association.€1983.€òòThe€American€prison:€From€the€beginning€.€.€.€aÐ ü L  Ðpictorial€historyóó.€College€Park:€MD:€American€Correctional€Association.€{UnitedÐ è 8  ÐStates}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmerican€Correctional€Association.€1997.€òòSecurity€levels€in€correctional€facilitiesóó.€Lanhan,Ð À  ÐMd.:€American€Correctional€Association.€{United€States}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmerican€Correctional€Association.€1997.€òòMaternal€ties:€a€selection€of€programs€for€femaleÐ „Ô  Ðoffendersóó.€Lanham,€MD:€American€Correctional€Association.€{United€States}Ð pÀ ÐÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmerican€Correctional€Association.€1998.€òòBest€practices:€excellence€in€correctionsóó.€Lanham,Ð H˜ ÐMd.:€American€Correctional€Association.€{United€States}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmericas€Watch.€1990.€òòPrison€conditions€in€Jamaicaóó.€New€York:€Americas€Watch.Ð p " " Ðà0  à*€€A€study€examines€conditions€in€Jamaica's€prisons€and€police€lockups.€Data€wereÏgathered€from€visits€made€in€January€1990€to€the€main€penitentiaries€and€policeÏlockups,€and€from€interviews€with€penitentiary€inmates,€ex„prisoners,€justice€officialsÏand€others.€With€rare€exceptions,€conditions€were€appalling.€The€penitentiaries€wereÏovercrowded€and€unsanitary,€and€the€nutritional€quality€and€quantity€of€food€wasÏgrossly€inadequate.€Medical€care€was€substandard,€and€dental€and€psychiatric€careÏvirtually€non„existent.€Opportunities€for€work€and€for€educational€and€recreationalÏactivities€were€meager€at€best,€and€contact€with€friends€and€family€was€severelyÏhampered€by€restrictive€visiting€and€correspondence€policies,€as€well€as€inadequateÏfacilities.€Prisoners€were€often€treated€brutally,€and€corruption€among€wardens€wasÏprevalent.€Conditions€in€police€lockups€were€even€worse€than€in€the€prisons.ÏConditions€in€both€penitentiaries€and€lockups€violated€not€only€international€minimumÏstandards€for€the€treatment€of€prisoners,€but€also€basic€guarantees€contained€inÏJamaica's€own€organic€law€and€treaty€commitments.€Short„€and€long„term€proposalsÏfor€improving€these€conditions€are€enumerated.€€{Jamaica}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmericas€Watch.€1993.€òòHuman€rights€in€Jamaica:€Death€penalty,€prison€conditions€andÐ Ì&"% Ðpolice€violenceóó.€New€York:€Americas€Watch.и'#& " " Ðà0  à*€€A€report€updates€a€1986€examination€of€the€human€rights€situation€in€JamaicaÏdiscussing€the€application€of€the€death€penalty;€conditions€in€prison€and€lockups;€andÏpolice€violence€including€acts€of€coercion€to€obtain€evidence€that€amount€to€tortureÏand€the€excessive€use€of€deadly€force.€Recommendations€cover€police€supervision€andÏuse€of€weapons.€€{Jamaica}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1983.€òòPolitical€imprisonment€in€Zaire:€An€Amnesty€InternationalÐ @-(, Ðspecial€briefingóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{Zaire}€Ð/h*. " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1984.€òòTorture€in€the€eightiesóó.€London:€Amnesty€International.а " " Ðà0  à*€€Political€suspects€and€other€prisoners€face€torture€in€police€stations,€secret€detentionÏcenters,€camps€and€military€barracks€in€countries€throughout€the€world€in€the€1980s.ÏFrom€the€security€headquarters€in€Spain€to€the€prison€cells€of€Iran,€from€secret€policeÏcenters€in€Chile€to€the€special€psychiatric€hospitals€in€the€Soviet€Union,€this€reportÏreviews€allegations€of€torture€and€ill„treatment€of€prisoners€in€more€than€90€countries.ÏA€global€program€for€the€abolition€of€torture€is€also€presented.€€{~Global}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1984.€òòJamaica:€the€death€penalty€„„€report€of€an€AmnestyÐ $ t ÐInternational€mission€to€Jamaicaóó.€London:€Amnesty€International.Ð ` " " Ðà0  à*€€A€report€summarizes€the€1983€Amnesty€International€(AI)€mission€to€Jamaica€toÏconvey€AI's€opposition€to€the€use€of€capital€punishment€and€to€gather€information€onÏits€abolition.€After€a€moratorium€on€executions€in€1976„1979,€while€a€parliamentaryÏcommittee€debated€abolition€of€the€death€penalty,€hangings€of€convicted€murderersÏresumed€in€1980.€Twenty„four€prisoners€were€hanged€in€the€next€4€years.€There€areÏcurrently€more€than€150€prisoners€under€death€sentence€in€Jamaica.€JamaicanÏgovernment€officials€say€that€the€death€penalty€cannot€be€abolished€because€of€theÏnation's€high€rate€of€violent€crime€and€apparent€public€support€for€capital€punishment.ÏHowever,€the€minister€of€justice€was€receptive€to€ways€of€modifying€present€laws.€Ï{Jamaica}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1986.€òòIndonesia:€Muslim€prisoners€of€conscienceóó.€New€York:Ð 4„ ÐAmnesty€International.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€€A€report€describes€100€Muslim€"prisoners€of€conscience"€arrested€during€a€1985€riotÏin€Tanjung€Priok,€North€Jakarta,€Indonesia.€Many€of€those€arrested€and€convicted€onÏcharges€ranging€from€subversion€to€spreading€false€information€were€apparentlyÏdetained€for€the€nonviolent€expression€of€their€political€or€religious€beliefs.€Ï{Indonesia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1987.€òòHaiti:€deaths€in€detention,€torture€and€inhumane€prisonÐ ¨ø Ðconditionsóó.€London:€Amnesty€International.Дä " " Ðà0  à*€€Based€primarily€on€the€testimonies€of€3€people€imprisoned€in€Haiti€during€1987,€aÏreport€describes€ill€treatment€and€inhumane€conditions€in€the€country's€prisons.€SeveralÏincidents€point€to€the€reemergence€of€the€Tonton€Macoute€militia€as€an€active€force.ÏThe€situation€in€the€prisons,€as€well€as€signs€of€cooperation€between€the€TontonÏMacoutes€and€the€security€forces€under€the€supervision€of€the€interim€militaryÏgovernment,€could€indicate€a€complete€breakdown€of€judicial€guarantees€for€detaineesÏin€Haiti.€€{Haiti}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1987.€òòPolitical€imprisonment€in€the€Republic€of€Koreaóó.€New€York:Ð ô$D # ÐAmnesty€International.€{Korea,€Republic€of€(South)}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1988.€òòColombiaóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{Colombia}Ð Ì&"% ÐÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1988.€òòChile,€intimidation€and€harassment€by€clandestine€groupsóó.€NewÐ ¤(ô#' ÐYork:€Amnesty€International.€{Chile}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1988.€òòCuba:€political€imprisonment,€an€updateóó.€New€York:€AmnestyÐ |*Ì%) ÐInternational.€{Cuba}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1988.€òòChileóó.€London:€Amnesty€International.€{Chile}€ÐT,¤'+ " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1988.€òòEl€Salvador:€Death€squads,€a€government€strategyóó.€London:Ð @-(, ÐAmnesty€International.€{El€Salvador}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1989.€òòEgypt:€Arbitrary€detention€and€torture€under€emergencyÐ /h*. Ðpowersóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{Egypt}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1989.€òòMauritania,€1986„1989:€Background€to€a€crisis;€three€years€ofÐ ˆØ Ðpolitical€imprisonment,€tortureóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{Mauritania}Ð tÄ ÐÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1990.€òòChad,€political€prisoners€held€in€secret:€calling€the€governmentÐ L œ Ðto€accountóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{Chad}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1990.€òòCuba„„the€human€rights€situationóó.€New€York:€AmnestyÐ  ` ÐInternational.€{Cuba}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1990.€òòEgypt:€Recent€human€rights€violations€under€the€state€ofÐ è 8  Ðemergencyóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{Egypt}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1990.€òòPapua€New€Guinea:€Human€rights€violations€on€Bougainville,Ð ¬ü  Ð1989„1990óó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{Papua€New€Guinea}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1990.€òòSouth€Koreaóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{Korea,Ð pÀ ÐRepublic€of€(South)}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1991.€òòBahrain:€Violations€of€human€rightsóó.€New€York:€AmnestyÐ H˜ ÐInternational.€{Bahrain}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1991.€òòChina:€Punishment€without€crime:€administrative€detentionóó.Ð  p ÐNew€York:€Amnesty€International.€{China}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1991.€òòSouth€Korea:€Prisoners€held€for€national€security€reasonsóó.€NewÐ øH ÐYork:€Amnesty€International.€{Korea,€Republic€of€(South)}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1991.€òòEgypt:€Ten€years€of€tortureóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.Ð Ð  Ð{Egypt}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1991.€òòEquatorial€Guinea:€Arrests€of€pro„democracy€activists,€aÐ ¨ø Ðchanging€pattern€of€human€rightsóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{EquatorialÐ ”ä ÐGuinea}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1991.€òòLibya:€Amnesty€International's€prisoner€concerns€in€the€light€ofÐ l¼ Ðrecent€legal€reformsóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{Libya}€ÐX ¨ " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1991.€òòMorocco:€Amnesty€International€briefingóó.€New€York:€AmnestyÐ D!” ÐInternational.€{Morocco}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1991.€òòUnion€of€Myanmar€Burma:€Arrests€and€trials€of€politicalÐ #l! Ðprisoners,€January„July€1991óó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{Myanmar}Ð $X" ÐÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1992.€òòMalawi:€Prison€conditions,€cruel€punishment€and€detentionÐ à%0!$ Ðwithout€trialóó.€New€York,€NY:€Amnesty€International.ÐÌ&"% " " Ðà0  à*€€A€report€investigates€prison€conditions,€cruel€punishment€and€detention€without€trialÏin€the€southeast€African€country€of€Malawi.€Political€prisoners€in€Malawi€sufferÏgenerally€poor€prison€conditions€that,€in€some€cases,€amount€to€deliberately€cruel,Ïinhuman€or€degrading€treatment.€Some€convicted€criminals€are€subjected€to€a€specialÏpunishment€regime„„the€so„called€"hard„core€program"€in€which€they€are€reportedlyÏkept€naked€and€chained€to€the€floor,€given€minimal€food,€denied€medical€care,€andÏseverely€beaten.€Many€are€reported€to€have€died€at€Dzeleka€and€Nsanje€prisons.€AtÏleast€2€political€detainees€have€died€in€recent€months,€apparently€due€to€poorÏconditions.€Authorities€have€held€no€inquests€into€these€deaths,€as€required€byÐ /h*. ÐMalawian€law.€An€unknown€number€of€detainees„„by€some€accounts€as€many€as€50,Ïincluding€2€prisoners€of€conscience„„were€released€in€January€1992,€following€theÏrelease€of€88€prisoners€in€1991.€More€than€20€long„term€political€prisoners€are€stillÏheld,€along€with€many€other€uncharged€detainees„„possibly€more€than€100.€There€isÏcause€for€concern€about€several€more€recent€arrests€with€political€overtones.€Ï{Malawi}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1992.€òòEgypt,€security€police€detentions€undermine€the€rule€of€lawóó.Ð 8 ˆ ÐNew€York:€Amnesty€International.€{Egypt}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1992.€òòAfghanistan,€reports€of€torture,€ill„treatment€and€extrajudicialÐ ü L  Ðexecutions€of€prisonersóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{Afghanistan}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1992.€òò"Disappearances"€in€Honduras:€A€wall€of€silence€andÐ À  Ðindifferenceóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{Honduras}€Ð¬ü  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1992.€òòIsrael/South€Lebanon:€The€Khiam€detainees,€torture€and€ill„Ð ˜è  Ðtreatmentóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{Israel;€Lebanon}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1993.€òòChina,€update€on€tortureóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.Ð \¬ Ð{China}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1993.€òòChina:€Torture€and€ill„treatment,€comments€on€the€additionalÐ 4„ Ðreport€of€the€People's€Republicóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{China}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1993.€òòCambodia:€Human€rights€concerns€July€to€December€1992óó.Ð øH ÐNew€York:€Amnesty€International.€{Cambodia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1993.€òòBrazil:€"Death€has€arrived;"€prison€massacre€at€the€Casa€deÐ Ð  ÐDetencao,€Sao€Pauloóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{Brazil}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1994.€òòEgypt:€Human€rights€defenders€under€threatóó.€New€York:Ð ”ä ÐAmnesty€International.€{Egypt}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1994.€òòAlgeria:€Repression€and€violence€must€endóó.€New€York:Ð l¼ ÐAmnesty€International.€{Algeria}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1994.€òòKuwait,€three€years€of€unfair€trialsóó.€New€York:€AmnestyÐ D!” ÐInternational.€{Kuwait}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1995.€òòJapan:€Prisoners€on€death€row€wait€for€secret,€randomÐ #l! Ðexecutionóó.€London:€Amnesty€International.€{Japan}€Ð$X" " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1995.€òòAmnesty€International€Report€1995óó.€New€York:€AmnestyÐ ô$D # ÐInternational.€{~Global}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1995.€òòDemocratic€People's€Republic€of€Korea€North€Korea:€HumanÐ Ì&"% Ðrights€violations€behind€closed€doorsóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{Korea,Ð ¸'#& ÐDemocratic€People's€Republic€(North)}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1995.€òòWomen€in€China:€Imprisoned€and€abused€for€dissentóó.€NewÐ )à$( ÐYork:€Amnesty€International.€{China}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1995.€òòPeople's€Republic€of€China:€Persistent€human€rights€violationsÐ h+¸&* Ðin€Tibetóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{China}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1995.€òòAlbania,€failure€to€end€police€ill„treatment€and€deaths€inÐ ,.|)- Ðcustodyóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{Albania}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1995.€òòIndia,€determining€the€fate€of€the€'disappeared'€in€Punjabóó.€NewÐ œì ÐYork:€Amnesty€International.€{India}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1995.€òòMongolia:€Prison€inmates€starve€to€deathóó.€New€York:€AmnestyÐ tÄ ÐInternational.€{Mongolia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1996.€òòKuwait,€five€years€of€impunity:€Human€rights€concerns€sinceÐ L œ Ðthe€withdrawal€of€Iraqi€forcesóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{Kuwait}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmnesty€International.€1997.€òòIsrael/South€Lebanon,€Israel's€forgotten€hostages:€LebaneseÐ  ` Ðdetainees€in€Israel€and€Khiamóó.€New€York:€Amnesty€International.€{Israel;€Jordan}Ð ü L  ÐÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAmoretti,€Ana,€and€Pierre€Landreville.€1996.€ð ðRecycling€offenders:€re„incarceration€trends€inÏQuebec€federal€penitentiaries.ðð€òòCritical€Criminologyóó€7:20„42.ÐÀ  " " Ðà0  à*€€A€study€analyzes€differential€patterns€of€release€and€recidivism€over€a€1„year€periodÏfor€a€cohort€of€offenders€released€from€federal€penitentiaries€in€Quebec,€CAN€in€1993.ÏData€were€obtained€from€files€of€the€Correctional€Service€of€Canada.€Half€of€all€returnsÏoccurred€for€technical€violations€of€conditional€release€supervision€conditions€and€wereÏdriven€by€a€risk€management€release€process.€Thus,€the€penal€system€is€a€self„¼propelling€force,€able€to€propagate€(re)„incarceration€from€within€itself.€€{Canada}ÏÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAndean€Information€Network.€1996.€òòChildren€of€Law€1008óó.€Cochabamba,€Bolivia:€AndeanÐ  p ÐInformation€Network.€{Bolivia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAnderson,€Allen€€F.€1996.€ð ðA€perspective€on€China's€new€prison€law.ðð€òòInternational€CriminalÐ øH ÐJustice€Reviewóó€6:79„88.Ðä4 " " Ðà0  à*€€A€review€analyzes€the€implications€of€China's€new€Prison€Law€1995.€The€law€is€anÏamalgam€of€mainland€penal€philosophy€and€practice€and€Western€correctionalÏconcepts.€Tried„and„true€Chinese€perspectives€have€been€combined€with€WesternÏcorrectional€concepts.€The€law€is€intended€to€achieve€improved€oversight,€heightenedÏofficial€accountability,€"remolding"€of€prisoners€through€work,€and€a€much€greaterÏemphasis€on€inmates'€rights.€€{China}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAnderson,€David€C.€1998.€òòSensible€justice:€alternatives€to€prisonóó.€New€York:€New€Press.Ð X ¨ Ð{United€States}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAnyidoho,€Kofi.€1997.€òòThe€world€behind€bars€and€the€paradox€of€exileóó.€Evanston,€IL:Ð 0"€  ÐNorhwestern€University€Press.€{Africa}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àArbour,€Louise.€1996.€òòCommission€of€Inquiry€into€Certain€Events€at€The€Prison€for€WomenÐ $X" Ðin€Kingstonóó.€Ottawa:€Public€Works€and€Government€Services.Ðô$D # " " Ðà0  à*€€The€report€of€the€Arbour€Commission€is€concerned€with€the€events€that€occurred€atÏthe€Prison€for€Women€(P4W)€in€April€of€1994€(segregation€of€several€inmates,€stripÏsearches€and€body€cavity€searches),€and€with€the€response€of€the€Correctional€ServiceÏof€Canada€to€these€events.€The€report€also€addresses€the€history€and€state€ofÏincarceration€facilities€for€women€in€Canada,€and€concludes€with€fourteenÏrecommendations€concerning€all€aspects€of€the€Correctional€Service€of€Canada€andÏfemale€inmates.€€{Canada}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àArdaya€Salinas,€J.€Ruben.€1997.€òòDe€la€Isla€del€Diablo€a€la€isla€de€la€libertad:€un€testimonioÐ T,¤'+ Ðde€la€Fuga€de€Koatióó.€La€Paz,€Bolivia:€Cedoin.€{Bolivia}€Ð@-(, " " Ðà0  àà ° àArenal€de€Garcia€Carrasco,€Concepcion,€and€Carmen€Diaz€Castanon.€1993.€òòObras€completasÐ ,.|)- Ðde€Dna€Concepcion€Arenalóó.€Madrid:€Atlas.€{Spain}€Ð/h*. " " Ðà0  àà ° àArguello,€Santiago.€1991.€òòPrisiones:€Estado€de€la€cuestionóó.€Quito,€Ecuador:€Editorial€ElÐ ° ÐConejo:€ALDHU.€{Ecuador}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àArnao,€Giancarlo.€1990.€ð ðDrug€policy€as€a€factor€of€trends€in€trade€and€use€of€differentÏsubstances.ðð€òòJournal€of€Drug€Issuesóó€20:443„449.ÐtÄ " " Ðà0  à*€€A€study€analyzes€official€statistics€from€Italy€and€other€countries€to€examine€drugÏpolicy€as€a€factor€in€the€trafficking€and€use€of€different€controlled€substances.ÏHypothesizing€that€the€risk„benefit€balance€varies€according€to€the€particularÏsubstance,€a€comparison€is€drawn€between€marijuana,€and€cocaine€and€heroin.€RatherÏthan€undermining€the€drug€market,€law€enforcement€indirectly€promotes€its€evolution.ÏPrisons€in€Italy€are€overcrowded,€and€the€justice€system€is€becoming€increasinglyÏoverloaded.€A€trend€toward€synthetic€and€away€from€natural€drugs€is€a€possible€futureÏscenario,€which€has€already€been€realized€in€some€producing€countries.€For€example,Ïthe€replacement€of€opium€by€heroin€use€in€several€countries€represents€a€historicalÏfailure€of€drug€control€strategy.€€{Italy}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAron,€Nan,€and€Ellen€L.€Lutz.€1991.€òòPrison€conditions€in€Mexicoóó.€New€York:€Human€RightsÐ ˜è  ÐWatch.€{Mexico}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àArroyo€Gutierrez,€Jose€Manuel.€1995.€òòEl€sistema€penal€ante€el€dilema€de€sus€alternativasóó.Ð pÀ ÐSan€Jose,€C.R.:€Colegio€de€Abogados€de€Costa€Rica.€{Costa€Rica}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àArroyo€Munoz,€Guillermo.€1987.€òòEl€Modelo€penitenciario€costarricense€en€el€Centro€laÐ 4„ ÐReformaóó.€San€Jose,€Costa€Rica:€Universidad€Nacional:€Direccion€General€deÐ  p ÐAdaptacion€Social.€{Costa€Rica}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAsia€Crime€Prevention€Foundation.€1990.€ð ðTrends€in€criminality€and€criminal€justice€process€inÏgeneral.ðð€òòAsian€Journal€of€Crime€Prevention€and€Criminal€Justiceóó€8:176.Ðä4 " " Ðà0  à*€€The€Asia€Crime€Prevention€Foundation€was€established€in€Tokyo€in€1981€toÏpromote€coordination€and€cooperation€among€criminal€justice€administrators€in€AsiaÏand€elsewhere.€For€the€first€time€its€journal,€previously€published€mainly€in€Japanese,Ïappears€also€in€English.€Papers€appearing€in€this€issue€were€contributed€by€visitingÏexperts€and€criminal€justice€officials€who€participated€in€the€1989„1990€InternationalÏTraining€Courses€and€Seminars€sponsored€by€the€United€Nations€Asia€and€Far€InstituteÏfor€the€Prevention€of€Crime€and€Treatment€of€Offenders.€Part€I,€"Experts'€Papers,"Ïincludes:€"Treatment€of€Offenders€with€Special€Reference€to€the€Implementation€of€theÏUnited€Nations€Standard€Minimum€Rules€for€the€Treatment€of€Prisons€in€the€Asia€andÏFar€East€Region"€by€Hira€Singh€(India);€Islamic€Criminal€Justice€System:€LegislationÏand€Application"€by€Hassan€El€Sa'aty€(Saudi€Arabia);€"The€Problem€of€Imprisonment,ÏOvercrowding€of€Prisons„„the€Search€of€Solutions"€by€H.G.€Dharmadasa€(Sri€Lanka);Ï"Prosecution€Policy€in€England€and€Wales"€by€John€Wood€(U.K.);€and€"InternationalÏTransfer€of€Prisoners"€by€Clair€A.€Cripe€(U.S.).€Part€II,€"Trends€in€Criminality€andÏCriminal€Justice€Process€in€General,"€includes€seminar€participants'€reports€andÏstatistical€summaries€from€the€Philippines€(Benigno€S.€Dacanay),€Thailand€(GritsinÏKanoknark),€Malaysia€(Arthur€Edmonds),€Bangladesh€(Md.€Golam€Kibria€Bhuiyan),ÏZambia€(Winter€Archin€Nyamamwita€Kabwiku),€Fiji€(Josaia€Naigulevu),€and€the€SudanÏ(Azhary€Khalil€Mohemed).€€{Asia;€India;€Saudi€Arabia;€Sri€Lanka;€England€and€Wales;ÏPhilippines;€United€States;€Thailand;€Malaysia;€Bangladesh;€Zambia;€Fiji;€Sudan}ÏÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAsia€Watch.€1991.€òòPrison€conditions€in€Indiaóó.€New€York:€Human€Rights€Watch.Ð,.|)- " " Ðà0  à*€€A€report€on€prison€conditions€in€India€is€based€on€interviews€conducted€during€a€2„Ð /h*. Ðweek€visit€in€1990€and€analysis€of€documents.€The€authors€were€denied€access€toÏIndian€prisons.€Anyone€unfortunate€enough€to€be€arrested€faces€a€far€greater€likelihoodÏÔ_Ôof€torture,€or€worse,€at€the€hands€of€the€police€than€they€do€in€many€countries€entirelyÏlacking€in€the€protection€for€civil€liberties€available€in€India.€Once€detainees€have€beenÏsent€to€prisons€and€jails,€they€are€confronted€with€a€rigid€class€system€that€is€mandatedÏby€law.€Special€privileges€are€accorded€the€minority€of€upper„€or€middle„classÏprisoners,€irrespective€of€the€crimes€they€may€have€committed€or€their€behavior€whileÏincarcerated.€Chapter€topics€include:€women€in€police€detention€and€in€the€prisons;Ï"convict„officers";€overcrowding;€health€and€medical€care;€punishment€in€the€prisons;Ïprisoners€confined€for€politically€motivated€offenses;€and€India's€human€rightsÏmovement.€Reforms€are€recommended€to€improve€conditions€in€both€police€detentionÏand€the€prisons.€€{India}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAsia€Watch.€1995.€òòPrison€conditions€in€Japanóó.€New€York:€Human€Rights€Watch.ÐÀ  " " Ðà0  à*€€A€report€highlights€aspects€of€prison€conditions€in€Japan,€focusing€on€human€rightsÏviolations.€The€findings€are€based€on€interviews€with€over€20€former€inmates€andÏothers€as€well€as€reviews€of€government€documents.€Overall,€conditions€in€the€prisonÏsystem€violate€basic€tenets€of€international€human€rights€laws.€Japanese€inmatesÏexperience€routine€violations€of€human€rights,€beginning€at€arrest€and€detention€andÏcontinuing€throughout€the€prison€sentence.€Moreover,€prisoners€often€suffer€fromÏsevere€abuse€inflicted€by€prison€staff.€Most€problematic€is€the€system's€extreme€rigidityÏand€the€failure€to€recognize€that€prisoners€have€any€rights.€While€conditions€areÏphysically€adequate,€the€draconian€discipline,€lack€of€human€contact,€and€strict€limitsÏon€contact€with€outsiders,€attorneys€and€other€prisoners,€make€the€living€conditionsÏintolerable.€In€both€prison€and€detention€centers,€prisoners€are€typically€housed€inÏÔ_ÔspartanÔ_Ô€single€cells;€troublemakers€are€placed€in€particularly€poor€cells€as€a€punitiveÏmeasure.€Solitary€confinement€is€a€common€punishment€for€a€variety€of€infractionsÏincluding€trivial€ones;€more€serious€violators€may€be€beaten€by€the€prison€guards.ÏConditions€on€death€row€are€particularly€intolerable,€and€executions€are€held€inÏsecrecy.€Isolation€is€even€more€acute€among€foreigners€than€for€Japanese€inmates.ÏRecommendations€are€offered€to€bring€Japanese€prisons€in€compliance€withÏinternational€human€rights€laws.€€{Japan}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAustralia€Law€Reform€Commission.€1988.€òòThe€Commonwealth€Prisoners€Actóó.€Canberra:Ð 0"€  ÐAustralian€Govt.€Pub.€Service.€{Australia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àAustralia€Royal€Commission€into€Aboriginal€Deaths€in€Custody.€1992.€òòAboriginal€deaths€inÐ $X" Ðcustody:€Response€by€governments€to€the€Royal€Commissionóó.€Canberra:€AustralianÐ ô$D # ÐGovernment€Publishing€Service.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€€Between€1980€and€1989,€99€aboriginal€or€Torres€Strait€islander€people€died€in€theÏcustody€of€police,€prison€or€juvenile€authorities€in€Australia.€The€Royal€CommissionÏinto€Aboriginal€Deaths€in€custody€was€jointly€commissioned€by€the€Commonwealth,Ïthe€States€and€Northern€Territory€in€1987.€The€final€report€of€the€commission,Ïpresented€to€governments€in€1991,€set€forth€339€recommendations€for€reform€of€lawÏand€justice€systems.€The€present€3„volume€document€contains€responses€ofÏgovernments€to€each€of€the€recommendations.€€{Australia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔAvilaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGranadosÔ_Ô,€Jesus.€1993.€òòÔ_ÔMazmorrasÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔqueÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔhanÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔhechoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔhistoriaÔ_Ôóó.€Barcelona,€Espana:€Ô_ÔPlanetaÔ_Ô.Ð ,.|)- Ð{Central€&€Eastern€Europe;€Western€Europe}€Ð/h*. " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔAymardÔ_Ô,€P.,€and€L.€Ô_ÔDevliegerÔ_Ô.€1977.€òòDifferentiation€of€regimes€and€institutions€in€relation€toÐ ° Ðdangerous€prisonersóó.€Strasbourg,€France:€Council€of€Europe€„€European€CommitteeÐ œì Ðon€Crime€Ô_ÔProblems.Ô_Ô€{~Global}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔAzaolaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGarridoÔ_Ô,€Elena,€and€Cristina€Jose€Ô_ÔYacamanÔ_Ô.€1996.€òòLas€Ô_ÔmujeresÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔolvidadasÔ_Ô:€Un€Ô_ÔestudioÔ_ÔÐ tÄ ÐÔ_ÔsobreÔ_Ô€la€Ô_ÔsituacionÔ_Ô€actual€de€Ô_ÔlasÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔcarcelesÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔmujeresÔ_Ô€en€laóó.€Mexico,€D.F.:€Ô_ÔColegioÔ_Ô€deÐ `° ÐMexico,€Ô_ÔProgramaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔInterdisciplinarioÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔEstudiosÔ_Ô€de€la€Ô_ÔMujerÔ_Ô:€Ô_ÔComisionÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNacionalÔ_Ô.Ï{Mexico}€Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBadanÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPembinaanÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHukumÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNasionalÔ_Ô.€1988.€òòÔ_ÔLaporanÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔpenelitianÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔaspekÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔaspekÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔhukumÔ_Ô€yangÐ $ t ÐÔ_ÔmempengaruhiÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔpenerimaanÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔbekasÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔnaraÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔpidanaÔ_Ôóó.€Jakarta:€Ô_ÔBadanÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPembinaanÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHukumÔ_ÔÐ  ` ÐÔ_ÔNasionalÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔDepartemenÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔKehakimanÔ_Ô.€{Indonesia}€Ô_ÔÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBadinterÔ_Ô,€Robert.€1992.€òòLa€Prison€Ô_ÔrepublicaineÔ_Ô:€1871„1914óó.€[Paris]:€Ô_ÔFayardÔ_Ô.€{France}Ð è 8  ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBaerveldtÔ_Ô,€Chris,€and€Hans€Bunkers.€1997.€ð ðLimits€to€growth:€the€case€of€Dutch€prisonÏcapacity.ðð€òòCrime€Law€and€Social€Changeóó€25:153„172.Ьü  " " Ðà0  à*€€A€review€examines€why€detention€capacity€in€the€Netherlands€has€been€increasingÏsince€1975.€Dutch€policy€is€reactive:€capacity€depends€on€the€sum€of€detentionÏsentences.€The€interaction€between€the€judicial€system€and€its€political€context€leads€toÏa€continuous€growth€in€detention€capacity.€Detention€capacity€can€best€be€reduced€byÏad€hoc€measures€like€legalizing€drugs.€€{Netherlands}€Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBaldryÔ_Ô,€Eileen.€1996.€ð ðPrison€privateers:€Neo„colonialists€in€Ô_ÔNSWÔ_Ô.ðð€òòHoward€Journalóó€35:161„Ð 4„ Ð174.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€€Private€for„profit€prison€corporations€are€expanding€at€a€rapid€rate€in€Australia.ÏThese€corporations,€based€in€the€U.S.,€are€part€of€the€corrections„commercial€complex.ÏAn€essay,€reflecting€observations€in€New€South€Wales,€AUS,€asserts€that€these€newlyÏinternationalized€private€prison€corporations€are€both€economically€and€culturally€neo„¼colonialist.€Private€prisons€have€not€proven€to€be€more€cost„effective€than€thoseÏoperated€by€public€agencies.€None€of€the€companies€involved€has€demonstrated€long„¼term€experience€in€running€adult€correctional€facilities.€As€business€has€declined€in€theÏU.S.,€private€prison€corporations€have€sought€profit„making€opportunities€in€otherÏcountries.€The€U.S.€corporations'€style€and€behavior€include€highly€questionableÏactivities.€Australian€states,€due€to€political€design€and€their€client„state€status€withÏrespect€to€the€U.S.,€are€caught€up€in€the€international€corrections„commercial€complex.€Ï{Australia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBalvigÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔFlemmingÔ_Ô.€1985.€ð ðCrime€in€Scandinavia:€Trends,€explanations€and€consequences.ðð€Pp.Ï7„17€in€òòScandinavian€Criminal€Policy€and€Criminology€1980„1985óó,€edited€by€NormanÐ $X" ÐBishop.€Copenhagen,€Denmark:€Scandinavian€Research€Council€for€Criminology.Ï{Scandinavia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBalvigÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔFlemmingÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔJoiÔ_Ô€Bay,€and€Ô_ÔJornÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVestergaardÔ_Ô.€1997.€òòCriminology€yearbook€1996óó.€SanktÐ Ì&"% ÐÔ_ÔPedersÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔStraedeÔ_Ô€19,€1453€Copenhagen€K,€Ô_ÔDKÔ_Ô:€Criminal€Procedure€Institute,ÏCopenhagen€University.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€€The€1996€yearbook€of€the€Criminal€Procedure€Institute€at€Copenhagen€UniversityÏincludes€papers€on:€the€history€of€violence;€researching€women's€crimes€in€Uganda;Ïrockers,€bikers€and€outlaw€bikers;€the€Guardian€Angels'€program€to€fight€streetÏviolence;€community€policing€in€Denmark;€changes€in€Hungarian€policing;€situationalÏcrime€prevention;€incest„„an€outdated€crime;€dangerous€criminals;€has€the€crime€rate€ofÏmentally€ill€criminals€tripled?;€reviving€youth€prisons€in€Denmark;€the€economicÏanalysis€of€law;€the€history€of€Japanese€penal€law;€criminal€law€from€the€YugoslavÐ /h*. Ðpoint€of€view;€and€other€topics.€€Ô_Ô{Denmark;€HungaryÔ_ÔÔ_Ô;€JapanÔ_ÔÔ_Ô;€Uganda}Ô_ÔÏÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBangui„Ô_ÔRombayeÔ_Ô,€Antoine.€1980.€òòÔ_ÔPrisonnierÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔTombalbayeÔ_Ô:€Ô_ÔTemoinageÔ_Ôóó.€Paris:€Ô_ÔHatierÔ_Ô.Ð ˆØ Ð{Chad}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBarahonaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPantojaÔ_Ô€de€Morales,€Carmen€Amalia.€1996.€òòLas€Ô_ÔmujeresÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔprivadasÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔlibertadÔ_Ô€en€ElÐ `° ÐSalvador€y€el€Ô_ÔrespetoÔ_Ô€a€Ô_ÔsusÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔderechosÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔhumanosÔ_Ôóó.€San€Salvador:€Ô_ÔInstitutoÔ_ÔÐ L œ ÐÔ_ÔLatinoamericanoÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔlasÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNacionesÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔUnidasÔ_Ô€para€la€Ô_ÔPrevenciaonÔ_Ô€del€Ô_ÔDelitoÔ_Ô€y€Ô_ÔTratamientoÔ_ÔÏdel€Ô_ÔDelincuenteÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔProgramaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMujerÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔJusticiaÔ_Ô€y€Ô_ÔGaeneroÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔProcuraduraiaÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔDerechosÔ_ÔÏÔ_ÔHumanosÔ_Ô€de€El€Salvador.€{El€Salvador}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBarclay,€Gordon€C.€1990.€òòCriminal€justice€systems€in€Europe:€England€and€Walesóó.€Helsinki,Ð ü L  ÐFinland:€Helsinki€Institute€for€Crime€Prevention€and€Control,€affiliated€with€the€UnitedÏNations.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€€This€description€of€the€criminal€justice€system€in€England€and€Wales€includes€briefÏmaterial€on€the€prison€system.€€{England€&€Wales}€Ô_ÔÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBarredaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSolorzanoÔ_Ô,€Luis€de€la,€and€Laura€Salinas.€1993.€òòLa€Ô_ÔLuchaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔporÔ_Ô€los€Ô_ÔderechosÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔhumanosÔ_ÔÐ „Ô  Ðen€el€Ô_ÔsistemaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔpenitenciarioÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔmexicanoÔ_Ôóó.€Mexico,€D.F.:€Ô_ÔComisionÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNacionalÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔDerechosÔ_ÔÐ pÀ ÐÔ_ÔHumanosÔ_Ô.€{Mexico}€Ô_ÔÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBaumgartnerÔ_Ô,€Andreas.€1997.€òòDie€Ô_ÔvergessenenÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔFrauenÔ_Ô€von€Ô_ÔMauthausenÔ_Ô:€die€Ô_ÔweiblichenÔ_ÔÐ H˜ ÐÔ_ÔHeaftlingeÔ_Ô€des€Ô_ÔKonzentrationslagersÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMauthausenÔ_Ô€und€Ô_ÔihreÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGeschichteÔ_Ôóó.€Ô_ÔWienÔ_Ô:€Ô_ÔVerlagÔ_ÔÐ 4„ ÐÔ_ÔeOsterreichÔ_Ô.€{Austria}€Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBayer,€Ô_ÔTulioÔ_Ô.€1978.€òòÔ_ÔGanchoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCiegoÔ_Ô:€365€Ô_ÔnochesÔ_Ô€y€Ô_ÔunaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔmisaÔ_Ô€en€la€Ô_ÔCarcelÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔModeloÔ_Ô€de€Bogotaóó.Ð  \ ÐMedellin,€Colombia:€Ô_ÔEdicionesÔ_Ô€Hombre€Nuevo.€{Colombia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBazanÔ_Ô€Diaz,€Ô_ÔInakiÔ_Ô.€1992.€òòLa€Ô_ÔcarcelÔ_Ô€de€Vitoria€en€la€Baja€Ô_ÔEdadÔ_Ô€Media€1428„1530:€Ô_ÔEstudioÔ_ÔÐ ä4 ÐÔ_ÔetnograficoÔ_Ôóó.€Vitoria:€Ô_ÔDiputacionÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔForalÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔAlavaÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔDepartamentoÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔCulturaÔ_Ô.€{Spain}Ð Ð  ÐÔ_ÔÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBeaumont,€Ô_ÔGustaveÔ_Ô€de,€Alexis€de€Tocqueville,€and€Francis€Ô_ÔLieberÔ_Ô.€1988.€òòOn€the€penitentiaryÐ ¨ø Ðsystem€in€the€United€States€and€its€application€in€Franceóó.€Philadelphia:€Carey,€Lea€&Ð ”ä ÐBlanchard.€{France}€Ô_ÔÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBecerraÔ_Ô,€Alfredo.€1994.€òòÔ_ÔFugaÔ_Ô€de€los€Ô_ÔEstadosÔ_Ôóó.€Buenos€Aires:€Ô_ÔCajaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔEditoraÔ_Ô.€{Argentina}Ð l¼ ÐÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBen,€David€Sarah,€Peter€Ô_ÔSilfenÔ_Ô,€and€David€Cohen.€1996.€ð ðFearful€custodial€or€fearless€personalÏÔ_Ôrelations:€Prison€guards'€fear€as€a€factor€shaping€staff„inmate€relation€prototype.ððÏòòInternational€Journal€of€Offender€Therapy€and€Comparative€Criminologyóó€40:94„104.Ð#l! " " Ðà0  à*€€A€study€identifies€some€of€the€conditions€that€may€account€for€differences€inÏorientation€and€in€staff„inmate€relations€in€correctional€institutions.€Attention€is€on€theÏrelationship€between€5€relationship€prototypes:€therapeutic,€punitive,€custodial,Ïintegrative€and€patronage;€and€anxiety€resulting€from€personal,€professional,€and€jobÏinsecurity.€Self„report€questionnaire€data€were€collected€from€50€staff€membersÏemployed€in€the€psychiatric€ward€of€Ayalon€prison,€a€maximum„security€facility€inÏIsrael.€€{Israel}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBensinger,€Gad€J.€1983.€ð ðPrisons€in€Israel.ðð€òòCorrections€Todayóó€45:56„58.Ð|*Ì%) " " Ðà0  à*€€Israel's€overcrowded€prisons€are€often€unfit€for€human€habitation.€They€are€bastionsÏof€violence€and€abuse€where€occupational€facilities€are€virtually€nonexistent€andÏrehabilitation€exists€in€name€only.€The€country's€correctional€services€predateÏestablishment€of€the€state€in€1948.€The€prison€system€was€originally€set€up€in€1926€asÏpart€of€the€British€mandatory€police€force€and€now€comprises€15€institutions.€Half€theÐ /h*. Ð6,300€inmates€are€Palestinian€security€prisoners€incarcerated€for€terrorist€activities€orÏsecurity€breaches.€Rising€violence,€pervasive€homosexuality€and€the€existence€of€theÏ"Barn€boss"€or€inmate€enforcer€system€were€first€revealed€by€the€Shimron€CommissionÏappointed€in€1978.€About€2,710€correctional€officers€were€employed€by€the€PrisonÏService€in€1981,€more€than€ever€before.€Despite€close€to€a€2:1€ratio€of€inmates€toÏofficers,€Israeli€correctional€administrators€regard€the€system€as€seriously€understaffed.ÏA€severe€shortage€of€qualified€personnel€results€from€the€high€rate€of€resignations€andÏthe€unattractivene„€ss€of€correctional€work€in€Israel.€Conditions€in€two€of€the€fourÏmaximum€security€prisons,€Beer„Sheva€and€Ramle,€are€especially€bad.€Most€of€theÏ1,000€inmates€in€Beer„Sheva€are€idle€most€of€the€day€and€are€locked€in€their€cells,Ïexcept€for€a€few€hours€in€the€afternoon.€The€sewage€system€often€overflows,€drugs€areÏsmuggled€into€prison,€and€mice,€mosquitoes€and€other€pests€are€common.€The€PrisonÏService€Investigation€Committee€reported€that€500€of€the€650€prisoners€in€Ramle€areÏheld€in€subhuman,€overcrowded€conditions.€In€all€of€the€prisons,€physical€assaults,Ïsexual€attacks,€invasions€of€privacy€and€thefts€have€become€common.€Most€educationÏand€vocational€programs€are€poorly€attended€and€have€little€effect€on€the€population.ÏSocial€services€have€been€hampered€by€poor€relations€between€prison€administratorsÏand€social€workers.€Promise€is€seen€in€a€new€approach€in€which€businesses€are€invitedÏto€establish€plants€inside€the€prisons€and€pay€standard€worker's€wages.€€{Israel}ÏÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBernheim,€Hean€Claude€(Ed.).€1987.€òòSuicide€in€prisonóó.€Quebec:€Editions€du€Meridien.Ð p " " Ðà0  à*€€A€study€compares€suicides€in€prison€in€Canada,€France,€Belgium€and€Switzerland.€Ï{Canada;€France;€Belgium;€Switzerland}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBirkenmayer,€Andrew€C.,€and€Sandra€Besserer.€1997.€òòSentencing€in€adult€provincial€courts:€aÐ ä4 Ðstudy€of€nine€jurisdictions:€1993€and€1994óó.€Ottawa:€Statistics€Canada,€CanadianÐ Ð  ÐCentre€for€Justice€Statistics.€{Canada}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBirtles,€Terry€B.€1989.€ð ðPrisoners'€rights€in€Australia.ðð€òòAustralian€and€New€Zealand€JournalÐ ¨ø Ðof€Criminologyóó€22:202„212.Дä " " Ðà0  à*€€A€review€examines€the€impact€of€international€human€rights€law€on€the€treatment€ofÏprisoners€in€Australia.€Because€the€country€functions€as€a€federal€system,€with€allÏprisons€operating€according€to€independent€penal€codes,€common€standards€at€aÏnational€level€can€only€be€offered€as€guidelines,€with€considerable€variation€inÏinterpretation€from€state€to€state.€The€Nagle€Report€of€1978€removed€substantialÏAustralian€conservative€restrictions€against€prison€reform€and€has€paved€the€way€forÏmore€effectual€Australian€commitment€to€its€international€human€rights€obligations.ÏDespite€accomplishments€in€the€area€of€prisoners'€rights,€there€is€no€room€forÏcomplacency.€If€standards€now€in€a€draft€of€Minimum€Standard€Guidelines€forÏCorrections€in€Australia€and€New€Zealand€are€to€be€achieved,€public€attitudes,€policeÏpractice€(including€military€police),€political€and€legislative€support,€judicial€action,Ïmedia€coverage€and€prison€staff€training€programs€need€further€reform.€€{Australia;ÏNew€Zealand}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBishop,€Norman,€Ann€S.€Osborne,€and€Tomas€Pettersson.€1987.€òòThe€drug€free€programme€atÐ |*Ì%) Ðthe€Hinseberg€prison€for€womenóó.€Norrkoping:€Research€and€Development€Group,Ð h+¸&* ÐSwedish€National€Prison€and€Probation€Administration.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€€A€2„year€study€followed€80€inmates€who€participated€in€a€drug„free€programÏbetween€1979€and€1981.€Established€in€1978€at€Hinseberg€Prison,€Sweden's€onlyÏnational€prison€for€women,€the€program€is€built€around€work€or€study,€physicalÐ /h*. Ðtraining,€obligatory€leisure€activities€and€planning€for€social€life€outside€prison.€Of€theÏ81€stays€in€the€program€(1€woman€entered€after€receiving€each€of€2€separateÏsentences),€42€were€completed€according€to€plan€and€39€were€interrupted.€In€14€cases,Ïthe€interruption€occurred€at€the€inmates'€request,€and€in€ll€cases€the€cause€was€misuseÏof€leave€from€the€prison.€Misuse€of€alcohol€or€narcotics€led€to€interruption€of€stay€in€4Ïcases.€Other€forms€of€breach€of€the€agreement,€such€as€refusal€to€submit€to€urineÏtesting,€resulted€in€interruption€of€stay€in€the€remaining€10€cases.€Those€who€hadÏcompleted€elementary€school€and€had€injected€drugs€were€the€most€likely€to€completeÏthe€program.€Forty€participants€were€sentenced€to€probation€or€imprisonment€duringÏfollow„up.€Twenty„one€of€these€continued€to€misuse€drugs€and€had€negativeÏassessments€on€occupational€status.€Nineteen€participants€had€positive€assessments€ofÏoccupational€status,€no€documented€drug€misuse€and€no€further€arrests.€Among€thoseÏwith€the€most€positive€adjustment,€ll€had€been€sentenced€for€fairly€serious€drugÏoffenses,€as€compared€with€only€3€people€in€the€group€with€the€most€negativeÏadjustment.€€{Sweden}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBlaauw,€Eric,€Ad€Kerkhof,€and€Riel€Vermunt.€1998.€ð ðPsychopathology€in€police€custody.ððÏòòInternational€Journal€of€Law€and€Psychiatryóó€21:1„30.ÐpÀ " " Ðà0  à*€€Three€studies€investigate€prevalence€of€symptoms€of€psychopathology€amongÏdetainees€in€Dutch€police€stations.€Samples€of€142,€55€and€112€detainees€completedÏinterviews€in€11€police€station€cell€blocks€in€the€Netherlands.€The€samples€were€similarÏwith€regard€to€age,€nationality€and€educational€level.€Psychopathological€complaintsÏwere€assessed€by€means€of€the€Symptom€Checklist„90.€Despite€the€differing€qualitiesÏof€detention€facilities€and€of€interaction€with€police€officers€in€the€3€studies,€beingÏlocked€up€in€police€stations€coincided€with€high€levels€of€depression€and€somatization,Ïand€with€many€mood€problems.€The€levels€of€depression€and€somatization€appearedÏhigher€than€those€in€jails,€prisons€and€the€general€population,€and€were€similar€to€levelsÏfound€in€a€psychiatric€population.€Both€vulnerability€and€situational€factors€appeared€toÏaccount€for€elevated€symptom€levels,€and€perceptions€of€the€situation€seemed€to€beÏmore€important€than€the€actual€situation.€A€large€proportion€of€the€variance€of€mentalÏproblems,€however,€remained€unexplained.€€{Netherlands}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBlanchette,€Kelley,€and€Laurence€€L.€Motiuk.€1996.€òòFemale€offenders€with€and€without€majorÐ X ¨ Ðmental€health€problems:€a€comparative€investigationóó.€Ottawa:€Research€Division,Ð D!” ÐCorrectional€Service€of€Canada.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€€A€study€describes€the€mental€health€status€of€76€federally€sentenced€adult€femaleÏoffenders€incarcerated€at€the€Prison€for€Women€in€Kingston,€Ontario€in€1989.€TopicsÏinclude:€the€case€characteristics€of€study€participants,€institutional€adjustment€and€in„¼program€performance,€and€post„release€outcomes.€€{Canada}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBlanchette,€Kelley.€1997.€òòAn€examination€of€medium„€and€maximum„security€federally„Ð Ì&"% Ðsentenced€female€offendersóó.€Ottawa:€Correctional€Service€of€Canada.и'#& " " Ðà0  à*€€A€study€compares€female€offenders€placed€in€medium„security€prisons€with€theirÏmaximum„security€counterparts€on:€risk€(security€and€escape);€criminogenic€need;€andÏsuicide€potential.€€{Canada}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBoe,€Roger,€Arden€Thurber,€and€Larry€Motiuk.€1998.€ð ðOffender€reintegration.ðð€òòForum€onÐ h+¸&* ÐCorrections€Researchóó€10:3„47.ÐT,¤'+ " " Ðà0  à*€€This€issue€of€the€journal€includes€10€previously€unpublished€papers€on€theÏreintegration€of€offenders€into€the€community,€particularly€in€Canada.€Roger€Boe€et€al.Ïreport€on€recent€statistical€trends€shaping€the€Canadian€correctional€population.€TheÐ /h*. Ð1997€recommendations€of€the€Task€Force€on€Reintegration€of€Offenders,€formed€byÏthe€Executive€Committee€of€the€Correctional€Service€of€Canada€(CSC)€areÏsummarized.€Arden€Thurber€defines€guiding€principles€of€the€CSC's€communityÏreintegration€efforts.€Larry€Motiuk€and€Ralph€Serin€provide€guidance€on€using€riskÏassessment€to€predict€offenders'€reintegration€potential.€The€effects€of€initial€placementÏpractice€on€reintegration€potential€are€considered€by€F.P.€Luciani.€Ralph€SerinÏincorporates€treatment€responsivity€into€a€risk€management€strategy€for€offenderÏreintegration.€A€study€of€North€Carolina€inmates€(N=60)€by€Dennis€J.€StevensÏsupports€the€rehabilitative€effects€of€prison€education€programs.€Roberta€Lynn€SinclairÏet€al.€describe€Drumheller€Institution's€Skills€for€Employment€program,€an€AlbertaÏinitiative€targeted€at€offenders€with€unstable€employment€histories.€Kelley€BlanchetteÏand€Craig€Dowden€profile€sentenced€women€currently€on€conditional€release€inÏCanada.€Current€practices€in€and€future€directions€for€community€supervision€areÏoutlined€by€Shelley€Brown€and€Edward€Zamble.€€{Canada}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBoe,€Roger.€1998.€òòA€two„year€release€follow„up€of€federal€offenders€who€participated€in€theÐ ˜è  ÐAdult€Basic€Education€(ABE)€Programóó.€Ottawa:€Research€Branch,€CorrectionalÐ „Ô  ÐService€of€Canada.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€€A€study€evaluates€the€Adult€Basic€Education€(ABE)€program€developed€by€theÏCorrectional€Service€of€Canada€for€federal€offenders.€Data€were€obtained€from€theÏrecords€of€6,074€offenders€who€were€released€between€1989€and€1994€and€wereÏfollowed€to€1996.€A€majority€of€inmates€surveyed€reported€positive€experiences€withÏthe€ABE€program,€and€nearly€80%€rated€it€as€"good"€or€"excellent."€The€program€isÏgenerally€targeted€at€higher„need€offenders.€ABE€participants€showed€measurableÏreintegration€gains€from€taking€part€in€education€programs.€For€those€completing€theÏprogram,€improvements€in€their€rate€of€readmission€to€custody€ranged€from€5€to€30%,Ïwhich€are€modest€but€significant€gains.€€{Canada}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBogdanovi,€Sanja.€1992.€ð ðDru€beni€vidik€delovanja€zapora€kot€totalne€institucije€(SocialÏaspects€of€the€operation€of€prison€as€a€total€institution).ðð€òòIskanjaóó€9:7„22.€{Slovenia}Ð ”ä ÐÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBoiko,€Igor€B.,€and€David€Lester.€1995.€ð ðSelf„aggression€among€Russian€prisoners.ððÏòòCorrective€and€Social€Psychiatry€and€Journal€of€Behavior€Technology€Methods€andÐ X ¨ ÐTherapyóó€41:67„70.ÐD!” " " Ðà0  à*€€A€review€describes€the€problem€of€self„mutilation€among€prisoners€in€RussianÏcorrectional€facilities.€Self„aggression€comprises€up€to€a€quarter€of€medical€cases€andÏaccounts€for€more€than€half€of€all€surgery.€Prisoners€are€creative€in€finding€means€toÏinjure€themselves€and,€while€typically€denying€suicidal€intent,€often€mislead€staffÏmembers€about€their€motives€for€self„mutilation.€Self„mutilation€can€signifyÏunsatisfactory€interpersonal€relations€among€inmates,€a€poor€organizational€structure€inÏthe€institution,€or€inadequate€medical€service.€€{Russia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBoin,€Arjen.€1998.€òòContrasts€in€leadership:€an€institutional€study€of€two€prison€systemsóó.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐDelft:€Eburon.€{Netherlands}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBorrey,€Anne.€1992.€òòOl€kalabus€meri:€A€study€of€female€prisoners€in€Papua€New€Guineaóó.Ð |*Ì%) ÐBoroko,€Papua€New€Guinea:€Papua€New€Guinea€Law€Reform€Commission.€{PapuaÏNew€Guinea}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBottomley,€A.€Keith,€and€Adrian€€L.€James.€1997.€ð ðEvaluating€private€prisons:€comparisons,Ïcompetition€and€cross„fertilization.ðð€òòAustralian€and€New€Zealand€Journal€ofÐ ,.|)- ÐCriminologyóó€30:259„274.Ð/h*. " " Ðà0  à*€€A€review€evaluates€privately€managed€prisons€and€compares€them€with€their€public„¼sector€counterparts€in€the€U.K.€Comparative€data€were€obtained€primarily€from€theÏU.S.€and€Australia.€Compared€to€similar€prisons€in€the€public€sector,€privatelyÏmanaged€facilities€appear€to€operate€at€lower€cost,€without€any€significant€reduction€inÏthe€quality€of€service€provision.€However,€regimes€of€equal€quality€can€be€found€in€theÏpublic€sector,€demonstrating€that€privately€managed€prisons€have€no€monopoly€onÏinnovation€or€good€practice.€It€seems€likely€that€it€is€the€new€competitive€ethos€and€theÏintroduction€of€managerialist€techniques€that€have€impelled€prison€managers€toÏeconomize,€innovate€and€often€match€the€achievements€of€the€private€sector.€Ï{Australia;€United€Kingdom;€United€States}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBoudouris,€James.€1996.€òòParents€in€prison:€Addressing€the€needs€of€familiesóó.€Lanham,€MD:Ð è 8  ÐAmerican€Correctional€Association.€{Canada;€United€States}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBoutellier,€J.€C.€J.€1998.€ð ðRe„integration€of€ex„offenders.ðð€òòEuropean€Journal€on€CriminalÐ ¬ü  ÐPolicy€and€Researchóó€6:167„277.Ð˜è  " " Ðà0  à*€€This€issue€of€the€journal€features€6€previously€unpublished€papers€on€the€communityÏreintegration€of€ex„offenders,€particularly€in€Europe.€Editor€J.C.J.€Boutellier€offers€aÏbrief€introduction.€George€Burns€highlights€the€importance€to€community€reintegrationÏof€aiding€ex„offenders€with€their€employment€and€housing€needs.€Andrew€McCallÏasserts€that€reintegration€programs€should€meet€the€range€of€offenders'€needs,€be€linkedÏto€the€labor€market,€and€provide€continuity€into€the€community.€Nancy€Louks€et€al.Ïdescribe€the€Coping€with€Convictions€Unit,€a€Northern€Ireland€project€established€inÏ1995€to€encourage€employers€to€employ€ex„offenders.€Peter€Ph.€Nelissen€analyzesÏsurvey€data€on€prisoners'€attitudes€toward€rehabilitation€in€the€Netherlands.€AlisonÏRieple€discusses€the€potential€for€motivating€ex„offenders€to€establish€their€ownÏbusinesses.€Fred€Hoogenboom€describes€Dutch€programs€to€integrate€ex„prisoners€intoÏthe€labor€market.€€{Netherlands;€Northern€Ireland€(UK)}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBowery,€Margaret.€1992.€òòNational€prisons€HIV€Peer€Education€Program:€An€evaluationóó.Ð €Ð ÐSydney:€New€South€Wales€Department€of€Corrective€Services,€Research€&€Statistics.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€€A€study€evaluates€the€National€Prisons€HIV€Peer€Education€Program€(PPEP)€inÏAustralia,€designed€to€prevent€the€spread€of€HIV€in€the€inmate€population€by€providingÏinformation,€skills€and€attitudes€necessary€to€avoid€infection.€Topics€cover:€theÏworkshop€manual;€implementation;€participant€characteristics;€selection€process;€andÏperceptions€of€workshop€effectiveness.€Recommendations€are€provided.€€{Australia}ÏÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBrana,€Shute€Rosemary,€and€Shute€Gary€Brana€(Eds.).€1980.€òòCrime€and€punishment€in€theÐ à%0!$ ÐCaribbeanóó.€Gainesville,€FL:€University€of€Florida€Center€for€Latin€American€Studies.ÐÌ&"% " " Ðà0  à*€€The€rapid€growth€of€crime€and€violence€in€the€Caribbean€poses€dramatic€challengesÏto€citizens€and€governments.€The€papers€compiled€in€this€anthology€examine€variousÏaspects€of€crime€and€punishment€in€the€Caribbean.€In€the€first€paper,€Delroy€ChuckÏexamines€sentencers€and€how€they€perform€the€job€of€sentencing€in€the€CommonwealthÏCaribbean,€with€particular€reference€to€Barbados,€Jamaica,€and€Trinidad€and€Tobago.ÏChuck€reviews€who€the€sentencers€are,€their€training,€the€range€of€sentences€available,Ïthe€aim€of€the€sentences,€the€sentencer's€decision„making€processes€and€the€factors€toÏbe€considered€in€making€a€sentencing€decision,€and€sentencing€reform.€Dudley€AllenÏexamines€urban€crime€and€violence€in€Jamaica.€In€developing€countries€such€asÐ /h*. ÐJamaica,€crime€in€its€various€forms€of€personal€and€public€violence,€organizedÏracketeering,€currency€frauds,€and€drugs€is€behind€much€of€what€is€detrimental€inÏsociety.€Allen€presents€detailed€data€on€violent€crimes€in€Jamaica€from€1960€77.€In€aÏsecond€paper,€he€argues€that€violent€crime€in€Jamaica€affects€in€equal€proportionsÏpeople€from€all€segments€of€society,€and€any€coherent€preventive€measure€operates€inÏthe€interests€of€Jamaican€society€as€a€whole.€Kenneth€Pryce€and€Daurius€FigueiraÏpresent€a€statistical€examination€of€the€correlation€between€rape€and€urbanization€andÏpopulation€concentration€in€the€Republic€of€Trinidad€and€Tobago.€They€then€considerÏa€number€of€factors€related€to€social€class€that€determine€the€pattern€of€theÏphenomenon,€and€argue€that€rape,€although€occurring€in€the€middle€and€upper€classesÏas€well,€is€predominantly€a€lower„class€phenomenon€expressing€an€attempt€to€establishÏmanhood€at€the€expense€of€economically€unprotected€lower„class€women.€TheÏdisabilities€of€the€female€victim€under€the€law€in€Trinidad€and€Tobago€are€examined,Ïand€a€reform€of€the€law€of€rape€is€advocated.€Rafael€Santos€del€Valle€addresses€aspectsÏof€the€relationship€between€urban€crime€and€violence€in€Puerto€Rico€and€theÏdevelopment€of€a€coherent€public€policy.€Salient€features€of€the€sociohistoricalÏbackground€of€urban€crime€and€violence€are€discussed,€and€a€description€is€given€ofÏsome€major€government€responses€to€the€problems€of€crime€and€violence€in€PuertoÏRico.€Max€Carr€e€profiles€the€state€of€criminology€in€Haiti.€Michael€Parris€provides€anÏoverview€of€urban€crime€and€violence€in€Guyana,€and€in€a€second€paper€describes€theÏGuyanese€prison€population€and€the€programs€available€to€inmates.€A.€Leerschool„¼Liong€A.€Jin€reviews€research€designed€to€study€whether€and€how€the€forced€migrationÏof€5,000€6,000€Bush€Negroes€in€Suriname€has€changed€social,€legal,€and€criminologicalÏaspects€of€their€lives.€J.€M.€M.€Binda€presents€data€on€murders€committed€from€1965Ï78€by€women€in€Suriname.€€{Caribbean;€South€America;€Barbados;€Jamaica;€TrinidadÏand€Tobago;€Puerto€Rico;€Guyana;€Suriname}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBrand,€Koolen€M.€J.€M.€(Ed.).€1987.€òòStudies€on€the€Dutch€prison€systemóó.€Amstelveen:Ð ¨ø ÐKugler.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€€An€anthology,€the€first€in€a€series€on€Dutch€criminal€justice,€is€intended€to€presentÏthe€work€of€the€government's€Research€and€Documentation€Centre€to€a€widerÏinternational€audience.€Included€are€previously€published€and€unpublished€essays€andÏstudies.€The€Dutch€prison€system€is€known€for€short€sentences:€80%€of€them€less€thanÏ6€months,€and€another€10%€in€the€6„12€month€range.€Currently,€about€4,900€offendersÏare€undergoing€some€form€of€deprivation€of€liberty,€an€average€of€30„35€inmates€perÏ100,000€population.€Though€this€rate€is€somewhat€lower€than€10€years€ago,€theÏgovernment€has€announced€construction€of€5€more€prisons,€a€controversial€policy.ÏRehabilitation€has€been€largely€abandoned€as€a€goal€of€prison€policy€and€replaced€byÏless€ambitious€objectives.€Included€are:€"The€Dutch€penal€system€„„€an€introductoryÏnote"€by€Maria€Brand„Koolen;€"Impressions€of€an€Australian€visitor"€by€Tony€Vinson,ÏMarisca€Brouwers€and€Marianne€Sampiemon;€"Prison€policy€and€penological€researchÏin€the€Netherlands"€by€Andre€Rook€and€Brand„Koolen;€"The€impact€of€medium„termÏincarceration:€a€comparative€exploration"€by€Bart€van€der€Linden;€"'De€Sprang"€„„€anÏevaluation€of€a€special€regime€in€a€remand€center"€by€Bert€Berghuis;€and€"ManagementÏstrategies€and€tactics"€by€Vinson,€Brouwers€and€Sampiemon.€Also€included€are:Ï"Views€of€prison€officers"€by€Vinson,€Brouwers€and€Sampiemon;€"Leave€from€prison"Ïby€Rook€and€Jos€Verhagen;€"Detention€at€the€Government's€pleasure:€a€follow„upÏstudy€of€patients€released€from€the€Dr.€Henri€Van€der€Hoeven€Clinic"€by€Jos€vanÐ /h*. ÐEmmerik;€"Recidivism€among€mentally€disordered€offenders€detained€at€theÏGovernment's€pleasure€(TBR).€A€report€of€a€follow„up€study€of€patients€dischargedÏbetween€1974€and€1979"€by€van€Emmerik;€"The€Alcohol€Program:€an€educationalÏprogram€for€drunken€drivers€in€prison"€by€Rob€Bovens;€"Drug€users€in€remandÏcenters"€by€Lorijn€Meijboom;€and€"Ethnic€minorities€in€Dutch€confinement"€by€Brand„¼Koolen.€€{Netherlands}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBraswell,€Michael€C.,€Reid€H.€Montgomery,€Jr.,€and€Lucien€X.€Lombardo€(Eds.).€1994.ÏòòPrison€violence€in€Americaóó.€Cincinnati:€Anderson.Ð$ t " " Ðà0  à*€€An€anthology€includes€historical€and€contemporary€accounts€of€prison€violence,€andÏanalyzes€a€variety€of€personal€harms€inflicted€inside€prisons.€Sections€address:Ïreflections€on€the€experience€of€prison€violence;€interpersonal€violence,€includingÏinmate„on„inmate€violence,€and€correctional€administration,€staff,€and€prison€violence;Ïcollective€violence€and€prison€riots;€and€strategies€for€dealing€with€prison€violence.€Ï{United€States}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBraybrook,€Beverley,€and€Pamela€Southey.€1992.€òòCensus€of€prison€inmates€1991óó.€Wellington:Ð ˜è  ÐDepartment€of€Justice,€Policy€and€Research€Division.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€€A€survey€of€inmates€incarcerated€in€New€Zealand€prisons€during€1991€includesÏremand€prisoners,€and€inmates€in€custody€for€default€in€paying€fines.€CharacteristicsÏexamined€include:€age€and€ethnicity;€sentence€length;€prior€incarcerations;€currentÏoffense;€criminal€history;€traffic€offenders;€classification€status;€gang€membership€andÏaffiliation;€psychological€and€psychiatric€treatment;€medication;€dependent€children;Ïwork€parole;€home€leave;€programs;€employment;€protective€custody;€deportations;Ïyoung€offenders;€earnings€on€release;€and€comparisons€with€previous€prison€censuses.€Ï{New€Zealand}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBridgwood,€Ann,€and€Gill€Malbon.€1995.€òòSurvey€of€the€physical€health€of€prisoners,€1994óó.Ð Ð  ÐLondon:€Her€Majesty's€Stationery€Office.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€€A€survey€provides€information€on€the€health€and€health„related€behavior€ofÏsentenced€male€prisoners€in€England€and€Wales€during€1994.€Approximately€1,000Ïsentenced€men,€aged€16€and€over,€were€interviewed€in€32€prison€establishments.ÏFindings€report€degree€of€chronic€illness€or€disability;€contacts€with€physicians;€use€ofÏprescription€medicines;€health„related€behaviors€as€cigarette€smoking,€drinking,€drugÏuse,€and€physical€activity;€diet€and€eating€habits;€and€physiological€and€anthropormetricÏmeasures€as€height,€weight€and€blood€pressure.€€{England€&€Wales}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBrill,€Julie.€1988.€òòAssesing€reform€in€South€Korea:€A€supplement€to€the€Asia€Watch€report€onÐ #l! ÐLegal€processóó.€Washington,€DC:€Asia€Watch.€{Korea,€Republic€of€(South)}€Ð$X" " " Ðà0  àà ° àBrinc,€Franc.€1976.€ð ðOrganization,€methods€of€work€and€efficiency€of€assistance€provided€toÏex„convicts.ðð€.€Ljubljana:€University€of€Ljubljana;€Institute€of€Criminology€at€theÏFaculty€of€Law.€{Slovenia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBrinc,€Franc.€1979.€ð ðSome€characteristics€of€implementation€of€prison€sentence€in€France€andÏYugoslavia.ðð€.€Ljubljana:€University€of€Ljubljana;€Institute€of€Criminology€at€theÏFaculty€of€Law.€{France;€Yugoslavia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBrinc,€Franc.€1982.€ð ðImplementation€of€prison€sentence€in€open€and€half„way€correctionalÏinstitutions€in€the€Socialist€Republic€of€Slovenia.ðð€.€Ljubljana:€University€of€Ljubljana;ÏInstitute€of€Criminology€at€the€Faculty€of€Law.€{Slovenia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBrinc,€Franc.€1984.€ð ðKazenski€zavod€kot€terapevtsko€okolje€(Correctional€institution€as€aÏtherapeutic€environment).ðð€òòRevija€za€kriminalistiko€in€kriminologijoóó€34:319„331.Ð,.|)- " " Ðà0  à*€€According€to€its€basic€corrective€orientation,€a€correctional€institution€can€beÐ /h*. Ðpunitive€or€rehabilitative,€the€first€orientation€excluding€the€second.€In€order€toÏestablish€which€orientation€Slovene€correctional€institutions€are€closer€to€in€practice,Ïwe€chose€8€correctional€institutions€and€departments€(closed,€halfway€and€open)€andÏusing€Moos'€questionnaire€for€measuring€the€social€climate€(Moos€CorrectionalÏInstitution€Environmental€Scale,€Form€C)€interviewed€308€correctional€workers€andÏ358€convicts.€We€concluded€that€male€convicts€in€all€the€institutions€got€the€highestÏscores€in€items€of€control,€which€indicates€that€these€institutions€are€still€mostlyÏoriented€to€the€control€function.€Consequently,€correctional€institutions€satisfactoryÏperform€their€function€of€protecting€society€against€delinquents€during€the€execution€ofÏtheir€sentence,€but€are€much€less€successfull€in€rehabilitating€the€offenders.€In€thisÏrespect,€there€are€only€very€small€differences€between€closed,€halfway€and€openÏcorrectional€institutions.€Open€institutions€do€not€have€a€more€rehabilitative€orientationÏalthough€there€is€less€control€in€these€institutions€than€in€closed€ones.€CorrectionalÏinstitutions€are€no€longer€classical€punitively€oriented€institutions€institutions€althoughÏthere€are€not€rehabilitative€institutions€either.€As€correctional€institutions€have€not€yetÏbecome€therapeutic€environments,€the€expectation€that€correctional€institutions€mustÏcorrect€convicts€in€unrealisable.€€{Slovenia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBrinc,€Franc.€1984.€ð ðObsojen€eva€percepcija€delavcev€kazenskega€zavoda€(Inmate's€perceptionÏof€staff€in€correctional€institution).ðð€òòRevija€za€kriminalistiko€in€kriminologijoóó€35:224„Ð H˜ Ð235.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€€Reciprocal€social€perception€in€correctional€institutions€influences€the€behavior€ofÏcorrectional€personnel€and€prisoners,€determining€so€a€quality€of€relations€establishedÏbetween€a€prison€staff€and€convicts.€In€correctional€institutions€we€can€distinguish€twoÏbasic€roles€assumed€by€correctional€workers:€they€are€either€treatment€or€custodyÏoriented€and€it€is€according€to€the€perception€of€one€ofr€other€role€that€correctionalÏpersonnel€and€convicts€behave.€The€fundamental€social€climate€in€an€institution€isÏcreated€by€correctional€staff€who€with€its€power€creates€and€shapes€a€quality€andÏquantity€of€mutual€relations.€Notably€important€are€attitudes€of€custodial€staff€towardÏconvicts.€By€interviewing€358€convicts€in€closed€and€open€correctional€institutions€inÏSR€Slovenia€it€was€stated€that€convicts€perceive€the€favourably€instructors€(64%€ofÏpositive€perceptions),€while€educators€and€guards€are€both€equally€negativelyÏperceived€(52%€of€negative€perceptions).€This€indicates€that€prisoners€do€not€refuseÏonly€guards€but€also€educators.€According€to€the€estimations€of€prisoners,€guards€areÏmore€equitable€than€educators,€have€better€understanding€of€convicts'€problems,€andÏtheir€deeds€are€more€in€accordance€with€their€words€when€compared€with€educators.ÏThere€is€no€difference€in€perception€of€correctional€personnel€between€closed€and€openÏcorrectional€institutions.€In€order€to€improve€mutual€perception€between€correctionalÏstaff€and€convicts,€a€professional€training€of€prison€workers€is€considered€to€beÏnecessary€as€well€as€modification€of€their€attitude€and€positions€toward€convicts.€Ï{Slovenia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBrinc,€Franc.€1985.€ð ðDolo€itelji€dru€benega€vzdusja€v€kazenskih€zavodih€v€SR€SlovenijiÏ(Indicators€of€social€climate€in€correctional€institutions€of€SR€Slovenia).ðð€òòRevija€zaÐ |*Ì%) Ðkriminalistiko€in€kriminologijoóó€36:304„317.Ðh+¸&* " " Ðà0  à*€€Life€in€correctional€institutions€is€still€a€secret.€As€only€few€people€know€what€is€inÏÔ_Ôfact€going€on€behind€the€prison€gate,€society€can€not€exercise€any€influence€on€whatÏhappens€to€convicts€during€the€implementation€of€a€prison€sentence.€Research€on€theÏsocial€climate€in€correctional€institutions€in€Slovenia€(using€Moos'€questionnaire,€formÐ /h*. ÐÔ_ÔCIESÔ_Ô,€86€questions)€indicated€that€correctional€institutions€make€too€great€an€effort€toÏmaintain€order€and€organization€in€institutions€and€that€they€supervise€convicts€tooÏstrictly.€This€restrains€above€all€their€autonomy€and€reduces€their€Ô_ÔexpressivityÔ_Ô.€NotÏenough€attention€is€paid€to€providing€help€to€convicts€in€solving€their€personalÏproblems.€According€to€the€attitudes€of€convicts€democratic€treatment€orientation€isÏthe€most€important€element€of€social€climate.€Equally€important€for€convicts€is€howÏthey€are€treated€by€prison€staff.€This,€however,€is€not€determined€by€regulations€butÏdepends€on€attitudes,€values€and€philosophy€of€life€of€correctional€workers.€AccordingÏto€the€opinions€of€correctional€workers€social€climate€is€determined€by€variablesÏindicating€formal€organization€of€correctional€institutions.€Thus,€the€most€importantÏfactors€are€the€maintenance€of€order€and€organization€in€institutions€as€well€asÏsupervision€of€convicts.€For€this€reason€it€is€not€possible€to€expect€rehabilitation€ofÏconvicts€in€institutions€with€strict€supervision.€Social€climate€in€these€institutions€isÏÔ_ÔunfavourableÔ_Ô,€which€has€negative€implications€on€emotions€and€personality€of€convictsÏand€prison€workers.€€{Slovenia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBrincÔ_Ô,€Franc.€1985.€ð ðÔ_ÔVsebinskaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔusmeritevÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔdelovanjaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔslovenskihÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔkazenskihÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔzavodovÔ_ÔÏ(Conceptual€orientation€of€Ô_ÔSloveneÔ_Ô€penal€institutions).ðð€òòÔ_ÔRevijaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔzaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔkriminalistikoÔ_Ô€inÐ pÀ ÐÔ_ÔkriminologijoÔ_Ôóó€36:207„221.€{Slovenia}€Ð\¬ " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBrincÔ_Ô,€Franc.€1988.€ð ðImplementation€of€short„term€prison€sentences€in€the€Socialist€RepublicÏof€Slovenia.ðð€.€Ljubljana:€University€of€Ljubljana;€Institute€of€Criminology€at€theÏFaculty€of€Law.€{Slovenia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBrincÔ_Ô,€Franc.€1989.€ð ðWork€in€prison.ðð€.€Ljubljana:€University€of€Ljubljana;€Institute€ofÏCriminology€at€the€Faculty€of€Law.€{Slovenia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBrincÔ_Ô,€Franc.€1990.€ð ðÔ_ÔVlogaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔdelvaÔ_Ô€v€Ô_ÔprevzgojiÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔobsojencevÔ_Ô€(Role€of€work€in€the€rehabilitation€ofÏconvicts).ðð€òòÔ_ÔRevijaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔzaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔkriminalistikoÔ_Ô€in€Ô_ÔkriminologijoÔ_Ôóó€41:185„196.ÐÐ  " " Ðà0  à*€€The€fundamental€question€of€this€issue€is€the€Ô_ÔpenologicalÔ_Ô€aspect€of€prison€Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô.ÏWhat€can€work€offer€to€convicts€in€addition€to€what€it€provides€to€ordinary€workers?ÏDoes€prison€Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô€have€some€other€objectives€and€are€these€objectives€supposed€toÏhave€a€certain€effect€during€the€implementation€of€penal€sanctions€or€only€after€theÏprisoner's€release?€How€can€we€establish€what€are€in€fact€these€purposes€and€howÏcould€they€be€accomplished?€Throughout€the€world€there€have€been€many€disillusionsÏbecause€the€expectations€concerning€rehabilitative€value€of€prison€Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô€did€notÏmaterialize.€Even€after€adopting€a€different€attitude€regarding€rehabilitative€aspects€ofÏÔ_ÔlabourÔ_Ô,€the€prisoners'€work€remains€the€core€of€penitentiary€regime.€Prison€Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô€hasÏÔ_ÔalwayÔ_Ô€been€a€means€of€treatment€or€of€the€contents€which€was€understood€under€theÏconcept€of€treatment.€For€this€reason,€prison€Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô€has€been€subjected€during€theÏhistory€to€numerous€changes€(Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô€as€punishment,€Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô€as€an€element€of€penalty,ÏÔ_ÔlabourÔ_Ô€as€a€means€of€treatment€and€work€as€a€value€per€se).€Today€no€specificÏrehabilitative€purpose€has€been€assigned€to€prison€Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô.€Rather,€it€is€considered€as€aÏnormal€activity€of€everyday€existence,€so€at€the€freedom€as€well€as€in€the€period€duringÏimprisonment.€€Prison€Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô€has€not€been€any€more€a€punishment€for€the€crimeÏcommitted€but€rather€a€means€to€help€convicts€to€serve€their€time,€prevent€physical€andÏmental€decline€and€facilitate€their€social€reintegration€after€having€served€theirÏsentence.€When€properly€organized,€prison€Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô€also€has€economic€advantages€forÏthe€convict,€the€correctional€institution€and€society.€€{Slovenia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBrincÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔFranciÔ_Ô.€1990.€ð ðÔ_ÔDeloÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔobsojencevÔ_Ô€(Work€in€prison).ðð€òòÔ_ÔRevijaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔzaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔkriminalistikoÔ_Ô€inÐ ,.|)- ÐÔ_ÔkriminologijoÔ_Ôóó€41:12„23.€{Slovenia}€Ð/h*. " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBrincÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔFranciÔ_Ô.€1990.€ð ðÔ_ÔResocializacijaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔobsojencevÔ_Ô€(Rehabilitation€of€prisoners).ðð€òòÔ_ÔPenoloskiÔ_ÔÐ ° ÐÔ_ÔbiltenÔ_Ôóó€8:23„38.€{Slovenia}€Ðœì " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBrincÔ_Ô,€Franc.€1990.€ð ðPrisoners'€rights€and€their€protection€in€the€Republic€of€Slovenia.ðð€.ÏLjubljana:€University€of€Ljubljana;€Institute€of€Criminology€at€the€Faculty€of€Law.Ï{Slovenia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBrincÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔFranciÔ_Ô.€1991.€ð ð(Ô_ÔDemokratiÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔnaÔ_Ô)€Slovenia€Ô_ÔnajÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔzagotoviÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔzapornikomÔ_Ô€ve€Ô_ÔpravicÔ_ÔÏ((Democratic)€Slovenia€should€ensure€more€rights€to€prisoners).ðð€òòÔ_ÔPenoloskiÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔbiltenÔ_Ôóó€9:1„Ð 8 ˆ Ð25.€{Slovenia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBrincÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔFranciÔ_Ô.€1991.€ð ðÔ_ÔPraviceÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔzapornikovÔ_Ô€in€Ô_ÔnjihovoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔvarstvoÔ_Ô€v€Ô_ÔSlovenijiÔ_Ô€(Prisoners'€rights€andÏtheir€protection€in€Slovenia).ðð€òòÔ_ÔRevijaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔzaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔkriminalistikoÔ_Ô€in€Ô_ÔkriminologijoÔ_Ôóó€42:3„15.Ð ü L  Ð{Slovenia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBrincÔ_Ô,€Franc.€1991.€ð ðÔ_ÔPenologicalÔ_Ô€aspects€of€recidivism€in€Slovenia.ðð€.€Ljubljana:€University€ofÏLjubljana;€Institute€of€Criminology€at€the€Faculty€of€Law.€{Slovenia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBrincÔ_Ô,€Franc.€1994.€ð ðCapacities€of€correctional€institutions,€and€living€and€working€conditionsÏ(standards)€of€life€for€pre„trial€detainees€and€convicts€in€the€Republic€of€Slovenia.ðð€.ÏLjubljana:€University€of€Ljubljana;€Institute€of€Criminology€at€the€Faculty€of€Law.Ï{Slovenia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBrincÔ_Ô,€Franc.€1995.€ð ðÔ_ÔProstorskeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔzmogljivostiÔ_Ô€in€standard€Ô_ÔkazenskihÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔzavodovÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔAccomodationÔ_ÔÏcapacities€and€standards€of€correctional€institutions).ðð€òòÔ_ÔRevijaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔzaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔkriminalistikoÔ_Ô€inÐ H˜ ÐÔ_ÔkriminologijoÔ_Ôóó€46:147„159.Ð4„ " " Ðà0  à*€€A€correctional€institution€is€a€sensitive€social€Ô_ÔinstituionÔ_Ô€in€which€different€peopleÏwith€different€needs€are€assembled€in€a€relatively€small€space.€The€essential€feature€of€aÏcorrectional€institution€is€the€compulsory€common€life€of€people.€Accommodation,Ïsanitary€and€hygienic€standards€of€the€people€incarcerated€in€correctional€institutionsÏare€set€by€the€state,€which€demonstrates€in€this€way€also€its€attitude€toward€inmatesÏand€correctional€staff.€Formulation€of€accommodation,€sanitary€and€hygienic€standardsÏis€in€the€interest€of€pretrial€detainees,€inmates,€as€well€as€correctional€workers,€whoÏwork€in€the€worst€conditions€of€all€state€officials.€In€order€to€establish€the€conditions€inÏcorrectional€facilities,€questionnaires€were€completed€by€7€correctional€institutions,Ï116€pretrial€detainees€and€96€prison€inmates.€Answers€indicated€that€correctionalÏinstitutions€were€aware€of€inadequate€accommodation,€sanitary€and€hygienic€standardsÏof€incarcerated€persons€and€that€they€were€planning€to€improve€the€present€conditions.ÏIn€the€future,€correctional€institutions€will€try€to€reach€7€square€meters€of€surface€andÏ16€cube€meters€of€volume€in€cells.€According€to€these€norms,€Slovenia€at€presentÏdisposes€of€1022€places€for€incarcerated€persons€in€all€correctional€facilities.ÏCorrectional€institutions€can€comply€with€many€of€detainees'€and€inmates'€wishes€byÏmeeting€their€basic€human€needs.€€{Slovenia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBrincÔ_Ô,€Franc.€1995.€ð ðSocial€climate€in€correctional€institutions€in€the€Republic€of€Slovenia.ðð€.ÏLjubljana:€University€of€Ljubljana;€Institute€of€Criminology€at€the€Faculty€of€Law.ÏÔ_Ô{Slovenia}Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBrincÔ_Ô,€Franc.€1996.€ð ðSentencing€policy€of€courts€in€the€Republic€of€Slovenia.ðð€òòÔ_ÔRevijaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔzaÔ_ÔÐ )à$( ÐÔ_ÔKriminalistikoÔ_Ô€in€Ô_ÔKriminologijoÔ_Ôóó€47:213„227.Ð|*Ì%) " " Ðà0  à*€€A€study€reports€on€court€sentencing€policy€in€the€Republic€of€Slovenia€for€the€yearsÏ1980„1994€for€the€crimes€of€murder,€aggravated€assault,€assault€and€rape.€During€theÏperiod€examined,€448€persons€were€convicted€by€the€courts€for€murder,€194€forÏaggravated€assault,€2,216€for€assault€and€564€for€rape.€In€imposing€sentence,€theÏcourts€abided€most€stringently€by€the€prescribed€minimum€and€maximum€sentence€forÐ /h*. Ðmurder€(imposing€40.3%€of€prison€sentences€within€the€limits€prescribed€by€law),€andÏthe€least€for€aggravated€assault€(imposing€27.7%€of€sentences€within€the€limitsÏprescribed€by€law).€In€more€than€half€of€all€judgments,€courts€imposed€sentences€thatÏwere€below€the€statutory€minimum.€Since€a€milder€sentencing€policy€has€not€had€anÏimpact€on€the€growth€of€the€types€of€crime€examined,€new€standards€of€sentencingÏshould€be€supported€by€legislation.€€{Slovenia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBrincÔ_Ô,€Franc.€1997.€ð ðÔ_ÔDruÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔbenoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔvzdusjeÔ_Ô€v€Ô_ÔzavodihÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔzaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔprestanjanjeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔkazniÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔzaporaÔ_Ô€v€Ô_ÔSlovenijiÔ_ÔÏ(Social€climate€in€correctional€institutions€in€Slovenia).ðð€òòÔ_ÔRevijaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔzaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔkriminalistikoÔ_Ô€inÐ $ t ÐÔ_ÔkriminologijoÔ_Ôóó€48:357„373.Ð ` " " Ðà0  à*€€The€social€climate€is€a€state€of€Ô_ÔpsychosocialÔ_Ô€relationships€among€members€of€a€socialÏgroup€in€their€attitudes€to€the€group.€A€Ô_ÔfovourableÔ_Ô€climate€enhances€ties€amongÏmembers€and€the€action€efficacy€of€a€Ô_ÔgropuÔ_Ô.€A€man€behaves€under€the€influence€of€theÏnatural,€social€and€cultural€environment€differently€in€various€surroundings€and€aÏchange€in€the€social€environment,€also€changes€human€Ô_ÔbehaviourÔ_Ô.€In€order€to€measureÏthe€social€climate€in€Ô_ÔSloveneÔ_Ô€prisons€in€the€years€1980,€1985,€and€1995,€a€MoosÏQuestionnaire€(Correctional€Institutions€Environment€Scale„Ô_ÔCIESÔ_Ô€Scale€Form€C)€wasÏused.€In€1995,€the€questionnaire€was€completed€by€the€use€of€the€program€Quattro€ProÏand€Ô_ÔSPSSÔ_Ô€and€discriminatory€functional€analysis€was€applied.€In€the€view€of€inmates,Ïthe€social€climate€in€prisons€deteriorated€from€1980„1995€in€one€correctionalÏinstitution€and€improved€in€nine€institutions.€On€the€other€hand,€the€social€climateÏdeteriorated€in€the€view€of€correctional€workers€in€three€institutions€in€the€periodÏ1980„1995,€in€seven€of€them€it€was€worse€in€1985€than€in€1980,€but€improved€again€upÏto€the€year€1995.€Measurements€of€the€social€climate€in€prison€should€be€provided€inÏSlovenia€every€five€years€and€greater€concern€should€be€devoted€to€selection€andÏtraining€of€correctional€workers.€€{Slovenia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBringasÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔAlejandroÔ_Ô€Hernandez,€and€Luis€F.€Ô_ÔRoldanÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔQuinonesÔ_Ô.€1998.€òòLas€Ô_ÔcarcelesÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔmexicanasÔ_Ô:Ð ¼  ÐÔ_ÔunaÔ_Ô€revision€de€la€Ô_ÔrealidadÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔpenitenciariaÔ_Ôóó.€Mexico,€D.F.:€Ô_ÔGrijalboÔ_Ô.€{Mexico}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àÔ_ÔBrouwersÔ_Ô,€M.,€and€M.€Ô_ÔSampiemonÔ_Ô.€1990.€òòWomen€in€detentionóó.€The€Hague:€NetherlandsÐ €Ð ÐMinistry€of€Justice.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€€A€study€of€female€inmates€in€3€penitentiaries€in€the€Netherlands€drew€on€survey€dataÏcollected€in€1986€from€133€women€and€questionnaires€completed€by€prison€officers,Ïdirectors€and€medical€personnel,€and€from€survey€data€supplied€by€135€inmates€inÏ1987.€More€than€half€of€inmates€were€convicted€of€drug€offenses.€Thirty„eight€percentÏof€all€inmates€had€no€previous€contact€with€the€criminal€justice€system.€Nearly€all€theÏwomen€worked,€even€in€the€remand€center.€For€the€last€months€of€their€detention,Ïsome€women€went€to€an€open€prison€where€they€worked€outside€and€were€given€moreÏresponsibility.€€{Netherlands}€Ô_ÔÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBrown,€Mark.€1996.€ð ðRefining€the€risk€concept:€decision€context€as€a€factor€mediating€theÏrelation€between€risk€and€program€effectiveness.ðð€òòCrime€and€Delinquencyóó€42:435„455.Ф(ô#' " " Ðà0  à*€€While€meta„analyses€of€rehabilitation€programs€consider€reoffending€risk€to€be€aÏprimary€variable€influencing€program€effectiveness,€practitioners€are€not€clear€aboutÏhow€to€interpret€this€broad€finding€in€screening€offenders€for€rehabilitation€programs.ÏA€study€tests€the€utility€of€the€risk€principle,€using€a€national€random€sample€of€613Ïprisoners€in€New€Zealand€released€from€custody€on€either€sentence€remission€or€paroleÏand€followed€for€2€1/2€years.€Results€confirm€the€validity€and€importance€ofÏreoffending€risk€for€rehabilitation€programming.€Differences€in€both€timing€and€rate€ofÐ /h*. Ðreoffending€for€offenders€who€received€some€kind€of€post„release€program,€asÏcompared€to€those€released€on€supervision€only,€were€found€for€high„risk€offenders.ÏThe€risk€principle€should€represent€a€point€of€departure€for€decision€makers,€though€itÏcannot€substitute€for€processes€of€environmental€analysis€and€integration€of€individualÏand€aggregate€information.€€{New€Zealand}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBruzitsov,€Khristo.€1991.€òòTri€khiliadi€noshti€v€zatvoraóó.€Sofiia:€Univ.€izd„vo€"Sv.€KlimentÐ 8 ˆ ÐOkhridski".€{Bulgaria}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBrydensholt,€Hans€H.€1983.€òòPrison€managementóó.€Strasbourg:€European€Committee€on€CrimeÐ  ` ÐProblems.€{~Global}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBuda,€Blanca.€1988.€òòCuerpo€I,€zona€IV:€el€infierno€de€Suarez€Masonóó.€Buenos€Aires:€EditorialÐ è 8  ÐContra€Punta.€{Argentina}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBuntman,€Fran€Lisa.€1997.€òòThe€politics€of€conviction:€Political€prisoner€resistance€on€RobbenÐ À  Ðà ` àIsland,€1962„1991,€and€its€implications€for€South€African€politics€and€à Ð àÐ ¬ü  Ðresistance€theoryóó.€{South€Africa}€Ð˜è  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBurton„Rose,€Daniel.€1998.€òòThe€celling€of€America:€an€inside€look€at€the€U.S.€prisonÐ „Ô  Ðindustryóó.€Monroe,€Me.:€Common€Courage€Press.€{United€States}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àBusch,€Tobias.€1988.€òòSelective€incapacitation:€ein€Beispiel€fur€den€Versuch€vonÐ H˜ ÐKriminalpravention€durchóó.€Munchen:€Vvf.€{Germany}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àButler,€Anne€M.€1997.€òòGendered€justice€in€the€American€west:€women€prisoners€in€men'sÐ  \ Ðpenitentiariesóó.€Urbana,€IL:€University€of€Illinois€Press.€{United€States}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àByron,€Carole.€1994.€ð ðPrisons€and€prisoners.ðð€òòHome€Office€Research€Bulletinóó€36:3„63.ÐÐ  " " Ðà0  à*€€A€special€edition€of€the€bulletin€addresses€research€on€different€aspects€of€the€U.K.'sÏPrison€Service.€Editor€Carole€Byron€introduces€the€10€previously€unpublished€articles.ÏJohn€Ditchfield€examines€the€relationship€of€family€ties€to€the€likelihood€of€reoffending.ÏLiz€Howard€analyzes€the€home€areas€of€prisoners€in€England€and€Wales.€Ros€BurnettÏconsiders€the€role€of€imprisonment€as€a€deterrent€to€reoffending.€Peter€MarshallÏdiscusses€the€problems€inherent€in€sexual€reconviction€studies.€John€Copas€et€al.Ïdescribe€the€development€of€a€new€Reconviction€Prediction€Score.€Alison€Leibling€andÏHelen€Krarup€review€the€incidence€of€suicide€attempts€in€male€prisons.€Diane€CaddleÏidentifies€the€problems€experienced€by€remand€prisoners.€Richard€Harries€reports€onÏexperiments€allowing€sentenced€male€prisoners€to€wear€their€own€clothes.€DitchfieldÏand€Mike€Lock€consider€the€pattern€and€level€of€offenses€and€punishments€before€andÏafter€1992,€when€changes€were€made€in€the€prison€disciplinary€system€and€the€BoardsÏof€Visitors€lost€their€disciplinary€role.€Sheila€White€analyzes€data€from€the€1991ÏNational€Prison€Survey€comparing€the€regimes€and€culture€in€8€prisons.€€{England€&ÏWales}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCaldwell,€Grant.€1991.€òòMalabataóó.€North€Ryde,€NSW,€Australia:€Angus€&€Robertson.Ð )à$( Ð{Morocco}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCalliess,€Rolf„Peter,€and€Heinz€Muller„Dietz€(Eds.).€1991.€òòStrafvollzugsgesetz:€Gesetz€uberÐ h+¸&* Ðden€Vollzug€der€Freiheitsstrafe€und€der€freiheitsentziehenden€Massregeln€derÏBesserung€und€Sicherung€mit€ergaenzenden€bestimmungenóó.€Munchen:€C.H.€Beck.Ð @-(, Ð{Germany}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCarli,€Aldo.€1987.€ð ðVarovanje€pravic€obsojencev€med€prestajanjem€kazni€zapora€(ProtectionÐ /h*. Ðof€prisoners'€rights€during€the€implementation€of€prison€sentence).ðð€òòPenoloski€biltenóóÐ ° Ð5:27„32.€{Slovenia}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCarlie,€Michael€Kaye.€1993.€ð ðPrison€reform€in€England:€an€overview.ðð€òòInternational€JournalÐ ˆØ Ðof€Offender€Therapy€and€Comparative€Criminologyóó€37:197„219.ÐtÄ " " Ðà0  à*€€A€four„month€study€of€the€British€prison€reform€lobby€obtained€data€from:Ïinterviews€with€Prison€Service€personnel€and€administrators€of€lobby€groups;Ïattendance€at€lobby€group€meetings;€and€a€review€of€published€literature.€ThoughÏnumerous€barriers€to€penal€reform€in€England€exist,€some€reform€efforts€have€beenÏsuccessful.€Among€these€are€the€creation€of€probation€services€in€1906,€and€a€1990Ïmodification€in€the€law€that€forbids€incarcerating€youths€under€age€15.€Evidence€ofÏBritain's€enlightened€and€humane€penal€policy€may€be€found€in€the€vast€array,€size€andÏvariety€of€groups€in€the€penal€reform€lobby.€The€Home€Office€has€also€beenÏresponsible€for€many€of€the€more€successful€reform€efforts.€As€in€the€U.S.,€however,Ïthere€has€been€an€increasing€tendency€to€criminalize€deviance€and€institutionalizeÏoffenders,€resulting€in€gross€prison€overcrowding.€€{England€&€Wales}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCarrafiello,€Susan€B.€1998.€òòThe€tombs€of€the€living:€prisons€and€prison€reform€in€liberalÐ pÀ ÐItalyóó.€New€York:€P.€Lang.€{Italy}€Ð\¬ " " Ðà0  àà ° àCarrafiello,€Susan€€B.€1998.€òò`The€tombs€of€the€living':€prisons€and€prison€reform€in€liberalÐ H˜ ÐItalyóó.€New€York,€NY:€Peter€Lang.Ð4„ " " Ðà0  à*€€A€historical€study€examines€the€failure€of€the€Italian€government€to€create€anÏeffective€national€prison€system€within€the€liberal€political€era€that€began€in€the€mid„¼19th€century€and€continued€through€the€early€20th€century.€Data€were€obtained€fromÏarchival€and€secondary€sources.€During€this€period,€only€limited€prison€reformÏoccurred€in€Italy,€even€though€the€requisite€legislation€had€been€passed€by€1891.€ForÏeconomic€and€social€reasons,€prison€reform€was€limited€to€theory€rather€than€practice.ÏA€permanent€"prison€class"€was€created,€and€as€late€as€1904€the€prisons€couldÏjustifiably€be€described€as€"tombs€of€the€living."€€{Italy}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCarranza,€Elias,€N.€J.€O.€Liverpool,€and€L.€Rodriguez„Manzanera.€1994.€ð ðAlternatives€toÏimprisonment€in€Latin€America€and€the€Carribbean.ðð€Pp.€384„438€,€edited€by€UgljesaÏZvekic.€Chicago:€Nelson„Hall.€{Latin€America;€Carribbean}ÏÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCassese,€Antonio.€1994.€òòUmano„disumano:€commissariati€e€prigioni€nell'Europa€di€oggióó.Ð #l! ÐRoma:€Laterza.€{Central€&€Eastern€Europe;€Western€Europe}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCastberg,€A.€Didrick.€1990.€òòJapanese€criminal€justiceóó.€New€York:€Praeger.€{Japan}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCavadino,€Michael,€and€James€Dignan.€1992.€òòThe€penal€system:€an€introductionóó.€NewburyÐ ¸'#& ÐPark,€CA:€Sage€Publications.€{England€&€Wales}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCavadino,€Michael,€and€James€Dignan.€1997.€òòThe€penal€system:€an€introductionóó.€London:Ð )à$( ÐSage.€{England€&€Wales}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCentre€for€Research€Evaluation€and€Social€Assessment.€1996.€òòEscape€pressures:€inside€viewsÐ h+¸&* Ðof€the€reasons€for€prison€escapesóó.€Wellington,€NZ:€New€Zealand€Ministry€of€Justice.ÐT,¤'+ " " Ðà0  à*€€A€study€examines€why€inmates€escape€from€custody€in€New€Zealand.€Data€wereÏobtained€from€agency€records,€a€survey€of€inmates€who€absconded€in€1994„95.€and€aÏsurvey€of€correctional€facility€managers.€Escape€rates€in€1994„95€were€the€lowest€in€50Ð /h*. Ðyears:€52€prisoners€escaped€in€1993„94€and€65€in€1994„95.€Twenty„eight€percent€ofÏescapees€were€parole€absconders,€and€two„thirds€of€the€escapes€occurred€at€minimumÏsecurity€prisons.€Inmates€attributed€escapes€to€internal€pressures€within€the€prisonÏenvironment,€such€as€boredom€and€exposure€to€prison€depression,€while€prison€staffÏmembers€overwhelmingly€viewed€escapes€as€triggered€externally€by€families€orÏrelationships.€Since€many€escapes€were€spontaneous€and€poorly€planned,€increasedÏpenalties€would€be€unlikely€to€serve€as€a€deterrent.€There€was€a€high€degree€ofÏprofessionalism€in€the€staffs'€treatment€of€recaptured€escapees.€Recommendations€areÏprovided.€€{New€Zealand}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCentro€de€Documentacion€Parlamentaria€Cordoba.€1992.€òòCarceles,€recopilacion€de€notasÐ ü L  Ðinformativasóó.€Cordoba,€Argentina:€Poder€Legislativo,€Camara€de€Diputados.Ð è 8  Ð{Argentina}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCermak,€Milos.€1991.€òòKlec€na€policajtaóó.€Praha:€Rozmluvy.€{Czech€Republic}€ÐÀ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCesano,€Jose€Daniel.€1997.€òòLos€objetivos€constitucionales€de€la€ejecucion€penitenciariaóó.Ð ¬ü  ÐCordoba,€Republica€Argentina:€Alveroni€Ediciones.€{€Argentina}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCh'ang,€sheng.€1975.€òòHsiang„kang€chien€yu€sheng€huo€chen€hsiangóó.€Hsiang„kang:€Ch'i€shihÐ „Ô  Ðnien€tai€tsa€chih€she.€{China€„€Hong€Kong}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCh'en,€Chi,€Shu„ming€Lin,€Tsuei€Chi€Chow,€and€Tseng€Yu€Woo.€1916.€òòThe€first€PekingÐ \¬ Ðprisonóó.€Paris:€Impr.€de€Vaugirard.€{China}€ÐH˜ " " Ðà0  àà ° àChadha,€Kumkum.€1983.€òòThe€Indian€jail:€A€contemporary€documentóó.€New€Delhi:€VikasÐ 4„ ÐPublishing€House.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€€This€report,€by€a€veteran€journalist,€documents€in€statistical€and€descriptive€detailÏthe€conditions€and€use€of€penal€confinement€in€India.€The€report€looks€at€the€use€ofÏpolice€lock„ups,€the€jailing€of€children€and€women,€and€the€fate€of€various€penalÏreforms€that€have€been€attempted€over€the€years.€It€is€concluded€that€a€high€statusÏNational€Body€on€Prisons€is€required€to€improve€the€state€of€prisons€in€India.€TheÏobjectives€of€the€commission€would€be€to€bring€about€a€basic€uniformity€betweenÏstates€in€the€management€of€prisons,€treatment€of€offenders€and€the€development€ofÏpersonnel,€to€provide€a€forum€for€collective€thinking€on€important€issues€related€toÏprisons,€to€formulate€a€national€policy€on€prisons,€to€ensure€implementation€of€prisonÏreforms€and€development€of€prisons€through€allocation€of€funds€and€periodic€reviews,Ïand€to€assure€uniform€application€of€national€and€international€standards€for€the€careÏand€treatment€of€prisoners.€€{India}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àChakrabarti,€N.€K.€1997.€òòAdministration€of€criminal€justice:€the€correctional€servicesóó.€NewÐ #l! ÐDelhi,€India:€Deep€&€Deep€Publications.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€€A€5„volume€anthology€on€current€policy€issues€in€Indian€correctional€administrationÏincludes€55€previously€published€and€unpublished€papers€on:€(1)€perception€andÏpractice€issues;€(2)€institutional€corrections;€(3)€the€probation€services;€(4)€juvenileÏjustice;€and€(5)€social€defense€aspects€of€corrections.€€{India}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àChattoraj,€B.€N.€1982.€ð ðOpen€prisons€in€India:€A€review.ðð€òòSocial€Defenseóó€17:16„28.Ф(ô#' " " Ðà0  à*€€In€India,€although€the€practice€of€employing€prisoners€outside€the€walls€was€longÏprevalent,€the€idea€of€open€prisons€was€not€encouraged€during€the€British€period.€InÏthe€post„independence€period,€the€open€prison€movement€gained€momentum,€startingÏwith€creation€of€a€small€annex€at€the€Model€Prison€at€Lucknow€in€1949,€where€inmatesÏwere€allowed€to€stay€with€greater€freedom€and€nominal€watch€and€ward.€This€wasÏfollowed€by€another€successful€experiment€with€employing€2,000€inmates€in€theÏconstruction€of€an€earthen€dam€at€Uttar€Pradesh.€Consequently,€the€movement€spreadÐ /h*. Ðin€the€1950s€and€1960s.€Today€there€are€22€open€prisons€functioning€in€12€states.€TheÏmaximum€capacity€of€two€existing€open€prisons€in€Uttar€Pradesh,€2,130,€is€almostÏequal€to€the€total€capacity€of€all€other€open€prisons€in€the€nation.€In€most€of€the€states,Ïopen€prisons€are€operated€as€agricultural€farms€located€some€5€to€16€kilometers€fromÏthe€nearest€towns.€Admission€criteria€vary,€though€most€exclude€offenders€convictedÏof€violent€crimes€and€escapees.€Inmates€of€open€prisons€are€given€greater€freedom€ofÏmovement€and€closer€contact€with€the€free€community,€and€enjoy€sortie€specialÏbenefits€in€sentence€remission,€parole€and€employment€after€release.€After€30€years€ofÏexperience€with€open€prisons€,€India€can€deservedly€claim€that€open€prisons€have€madeÏa€significant€contribution€to€a€scientific€approach€to€treating€offenders.€The€openÏprisons€have€come€to€stay.€To€derive€maximum€benefit€from€the€system,€however,€it€isÏnecessary€to€improve€programs€of€vocational€training,€family€and€communityÏinvolvement€in€rehabilitation,€transition€programming,€rationalized€wage€structure€andÏremission€rates,€staff€training,€and€overcrowding€reduction.€€{India}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCheney,€Deborah.€1993.€òòInto€the€dark€tunnel:€Foreign€prisoners€in€the€British€prison€systemóó.Ð˜è  " " Ðà0  à*€€Inmates€from€other€countries€comprise€a€growing€segment€of€the€prison€populationÏin€the€United€Kingdom.€A€report€relies€on€staff€and€inmate€testimony,€existing€records,Ïand€reviews€of€issues€to€generate€recommendations€for€change€in€the€treatment€ofÏthese€"invisible"€prisoners.€Chapters€outline€problems€in€defining€and€monitoringÏforeign€prisoners€and€discuss€this€population's€special€needs,€particularly€focusing€onÏhealth€care€issues.€The€Prison€Service's€response€to€identified€problems€is€presentedÏand€the€effectiveness€of€this€response€assessed.€Finally,€the€support€available€forÏforeign€prisoners€from€their€countries'€representatives€in€Britain€is€examined.€TheÏconclusion€notes€that€the€term€"foreign€prisoner"€typically€refers€to€the€non„whiteÏpopulation,€which€ignores€important€cultural€issues€and€leads€to€dealing€with€inmatesÏon€the€basis€of€stereotypes.€There€is,€however,€a€growing€concern€with€the€needs€ofÏthis€inmate€group.€Specific€recommendations€for€practice€are€suggested€for€the€PrisonÏService.€€{England€&€Wales}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCheren,€Liliana.€1997.€òòLa€masacre€de€Trelew:€22€de€agosto€de€1972:€InstitucionalizaciaonÐ €Ð Ðdel€terrorismo€de€estadoóó.€Buenos€Aires:€Corregidor.€{Argentina}€Ðl¼ " " Ðà0  àà ° àChia,€Lu„sheng,€and€shou€Feng.€1986.€òòChung„kuo€hsi€pu€ta€chien€yuóó.€Nan„ching€shih:€Chiang„Ð X ¨ Ðsu€wen€i€ch'u€pan€she:€Chiang„su€sheng€hsin€hua€shu€tien€ching€hsiao,.€{China}ÏÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àChurch,€Alison,€and€Stephen€Dunstan.€1997.€òòHome€detention:€the€evaluation€of€the€HomeÐ #l! ÐDetention€Pilot€Programme€1995„1997óó.€Wellington,€NZ:€New€Zealand€Ministry€ofÐ $X" ÐJustice.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€€A€study€evaluates€the€New€Zealand€home€detention€pilot€program,€designed€to€easeÏthe€transition€from€prison€to€the€community€among€inmates€who€would€otherwise€haveÏremained€in€prison.€Conducted€in€Auckland€over€a€2„year€period€beginning€in€AprilÏ1995,€the€program€drew€on€a€pool€of€37€inmates,€with€an€average€total€caseload€of€7Ïand€a€maximum€caseload€of€12.€Data€were€collected€from€interviews€with€theÏdetainees,€their€families,€and€key€informants;€case€records;€diaries€kept€by€homeÏdetention€officers;€and€other€sources.€The€pilot€program€had€little€impact€on€reducingÏthe€numbers€in€prison.€Even€with€improved€entry€processes€and€promotion,€theÏnumbers€opting€for€home€detention€could€be€increased€only€marginally.€HomeÏdetention€has€been€found€to€be€of€uneven€value€as€a€reintegrative€program.€Even€withÏoperational€improvements,€extending€the€program€in€its€present€form€would€appear€toÐ /h*. Ðserve€little€purpose.€€{New€Zealand}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCilek,€Roman.€1991.€òòProkleti€mocióó.€Praha:€Magnet„Press.€{Czech€Republic}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCiosek,€Mieczyslaw.€1993.€òòIzolacja€wiezienna:€Wybrane€aspekty€izolacji€wieziennej€wÐ tÄ Ðpercepcji€wiezniow€i€(summary€in€English)óó.€Gdansk:€Uniwersytet€Gdanski.€{Poland}Ð `° ÐÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCiudadana,€Fundacion€Paz.€1994.€òòModernizacion€del€sistema€penitenciario:€Colaboracion€delÐ 8 ˆ Ðsector€privadoóó.€Santiago€de€Chile:€Fundacion€Paz€Ciudadana,€Libertad€y€Desarrollo.Ð $ t Ð{Chile}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àClemmer,€Donald.€1958.€òòThe€prison€communityóó.€New€York:€Rinehart€and€Company.€{UnitedÐ ü L  ÐStates}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCoelho,€Edmundo€Campos.€1993.€òòEstudo€descritivo€do€censo€penitenciario€do€Rio€deÐ Ô$  ÐJaneiro,€1988óó.€Rio€de€Janeiro:€Nucleo€de€Pesquisa/ISER.€{Argentina}Ð À  ÐÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCollins,€Catherine€Fisher.€1997.€òòThe€imprisonment€of€African€American€women:€causes,Ð ˜è  Ðconditions,€and€à  àfuture€implicationsóó.€Jefferson,€N.C.:€McFarland.€{UnitedÐ „Ô  ÐStates}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCollins,€Catherine€F.€1997.€òòThe€imprisonment€of€African€American€women:€causes,Ð \¬ Ðconditions,€and€future€implicationsóó.€Jefferson,€NC:€McFarland.€{United€States}Ð H˜ ÐÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àColville,€Mark.€1992.€òòThe€operational€policy€in€Belfast€Prison€for€the€management€ofÐ  p Ðparamilitary€prisoners€from€opposing€factions:€Report€of€an€inquiryóó.€London:€HerÐ  \ ÐMajesty's€Stationery€Office.Ð  " " Ðà0  à*€€A€report€examines€the€operational€policy€used€for€managing€paramilitary€prisonersÏin€Belfast€Prison,€following€a€bomb€explosion€there€in€1991.€Issues€and€argumentsÏsurrounding€the€maintenance€of€order€and€safety€are€discussed,€including€segregationÏversus€or€integration€of€inmates;€aspects€of€Belfast€prison€and€other€prisons€inÏNorthern€Ireland;€and€time€on€remand.€€{UK;€Northern€Ireland}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àColvin,€Mark.€1997.€òòPenitentiaries,€reformatiories,€and€chain€gangs:€social€theory€and€theÐ €Ð Ðhistory€of€punishment€in€nineteenth„century€Americaóó.€New€York:€St.€Martins.€{UnitedÐ l¼ ÐStates}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àComack,€Elizabeth.€1996.€òòWomen€in€trouble:€connecting€women's€law€violations€to€theirÐ D!” Ðhistories€of€abuseóó.€Halifax:€Fernwood€Publishing.Ð0"€  " " Ðà0  à*€€A€study€explores€the€life€experiences€of€female€offenders€using€interviews€conductedÏwith€24€inmates€in€Canadian€provincial€prisons.€A€key€aspect€of€these€women's€livesÏwas€their€histories€of€abuse.€For€some,€crime€was€part€of€their€efforts€to€cope€withÏabuse;€for€others,€it€occurred€in€the€context€of€resisting€an€abuser.€Some€womenÏevidenced€both€abuse€and€law€violation€as€part€of€their€continual€struggle€to€surviveÏconditions€of€endangerment.€The€punitive€and€disciplinary€experiences€of€incarcerationÏfurther€deepens€the€oppression€characterizing€these€women's€lives.€However,€manyÏwho€lacked€the€resources€and€support€to€confront€their€abuse€experiences€were€able€toÏdo€so€once€apprehended€and€incarcerated.€€{Canada}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àComision€Nacional€de€Derechos€Humanos.€1992.€òòPropuesta€y€reporte€sobre€el€sistemaÐ h+¸&* Ðpenitenciario€mexicanoóó.€Mexico:€La€Comision.€{Mexico}€ÐT,¤'+ " " Ðà0  àà ° àCosta,€E.€1990.€òòSome€aspects€of€the€Brazilian€criminal€justice€system€and€crime€preventionóó.Ð @-(, ÐTokyo:€United€Nations€Asia€and€Far€East€Institute€for€the€Prevention€of€Crime€andÏTreatment€of€Offenders.€{Brazil}€Ð/h*. " " Ðà0  àà ° àCouncil€of€Europe.€1983.€òòCustody€and€treatment€of€dangerous€prisoners:€RecommendationÐ ° Ðno.€R(82)€17,€adopted€by€the€Committee€of€Ministers€of€the€Council€of€Europe€on€24ÏSeptember€1982,€and€explanatory€memorandumóó.€Strasbourg:€Council€of€Europe.Ð ˆØ Ð{~Global}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCouncil€of€Europe.€1986.€òòPrison€regimesóó.€Strasbourg:€Council€of€Europe.€{~Global}Ð `° ÐÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCouncil€of€Europe.€1987.€òòEuropean€prison€rules:€Recommendation€no.€R(87)3,€adopted€byÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€Committee€of€Ministers€of€the€Council€of€Europe€on€12€Februray€1987,€andÏexplanatory€memorandumóó.€Strasbourg:€Council€of€Europe.€{~Global}Ð  ` ÐÐ  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCouncil€of€Europe.€1989.€òòExplanatory€report€on€the€European€Convention€for€the€PreventionÐ è 8  Ðof€Torture€andóó.€Strasbourg:€Council€of€Europe.€{~Global}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCouncil€of€Europe.€1990.€ð ðSurvey€of€prison€systems€in€the€member€states€of€the€Council€ofÏEurope:€Comparative€prison€demography.ðð€òòPrison€Information€Bulletinóó€15:3„44.Ð˜è  " " Ðà0  à*€€A€survey€sponsored€by€the€Council€of€Europe€examines€prison€populations,Ïconditions€of€confinement,€frequency€of€recourse€to€custodial€sentences,€andÏrecidivism€and€its€measurement€in€the€member€states.€As€of€September€1988,€theÏCouncil€of€Europe€member€states€had€a€total€prison€population€of€321,700,€or€78.2Ïprisoners€per€100,000€inhabitants.€This€is€well€below€Canada's€rate€of€110€and€the€U.S.Ïrate€of€more€than€300,€but€above€Japan's€rate€of€50.€€{Central€&€Eastern€Europe;ÏEngland€&€Wales;€Western€Europe}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCouncil€of€Europe.€1990.€òòEducation€in€prison:€Recommendation€No.€R€89€12,€adopted€by€theÐ øH ÐCommittee€of€Ministers€of€the€Council€of€Europe€on€13€October€1989€andÏexplanatory€memorandumóó.€Strasbourg:€Council€of€Europe.€{~Global}€Ð  " " Ðà0  àà ° àCouncil€of€Europe.€1994.€òòRights€of€persons€deprived€of€their€liberty:€Equality€and€non„Ð ¨ø Ðdiscriminationóó.€Strasbourg:€Council€of€Europe.€{~Global}€Ð”ä " " Ðà0  àà ° àCouncil€of€Europe.€1995.€òòPrison€and€criminological€aspects€of€the€control€of€transmissibleÐ €Ð Ðdiseases€including€Aidsóó.€Strasbourg:€Council€of€Europe.€{~Global}€Ðl¼ " " Ðà0  àà ° àCouncil€of€Europe.€1995.€òòHuman€rights€in€prison:€The€professional€training€of€prisonÐ X ¨ Ðofficialsóó.€Strasbourg:€Council€of€Europe.€{~Global}€ÐD!” " " Ðà0  àà ° àCourtemanche,€Andre.€1997.€òòPieges€et€deontologie€en€milieu€carceralóó.€Montreal:€Meridien.Ð 0"€  Ð{Canada}€Ð  " " ÐCregan,€Jan,€Susan€Kippax,€and€June€Crawford.€1996.€ð ðSex,€contagion,€control:€prisonÏofficers€vs€condoms€in€New€South€Wales€gaols.ðð€òòAustralian€and€New€Zealand€Journal€ofÐ ô$D # ÐCriminology,€29,€(3),€pp.€227€246.óó€.Ð à%0!$ Ðà0  à*€€A€review€explores€the€history€of€HIV/AIDS€policy€in€the€New€South€Wales€(AUS)ÏDepartment€of€Corrective€Services,€along€with€related€struggles€between€theÏdepartment€and€its€custodial€officers.€Three€major€themes„„sex,€contagion€and€control„¼„are€fundamental€to€prison€officers'€anti„condom€position.€The€political€and€economicÏconditions€that€are€conducive€to€the€spread€of€HIV/AIDS,€or€that€obstruct€itsÏprevention,€ar