0 `   @@@ @@@@L4RVDVP  $UCDHIQXYZ[___uqqwwbblm@4Cavadino1992T Kaiser1992g Prowse1992g v sisteme totalitarnogo gosudarstva Moskva 2+Moskovsk0*Barahona Pantoja de Morales, Carmen Amalia 1996ZSLas mujeres privadas de libertad en El Salvador y el respeto a Puhar1995 Pung19966Rahamana1992 Rawashidah1993Raycraft1999 Read1969 Reali1986 Reams1997 Reece1993 Reichel1997 Reichel1999 Reid1996n Rejali1994 Rhine1987 Richterova1991  Riley1996 Roberts1937 Roberts1971 Robledo1997 Rodriguez1995Rodriguez Pineda1998Rodriguez-Manzanera1994Roldan Quinones1998 Rosenblum1994Rostaing1997 Rothman1995 Rothman1998 Roy1989 Ruebner1997Ruggiero1995 Ryan19951 Sa'dawi1994 Sa'id1984 Said1986Sakamoto1997 Salazar Cruz19929q Salinas1993e Salloom1993 Salvatore1996 Sampiemon1990Samuelli1997Sanchez Galindo1990 Sandry1984 Sato1992 Saubin1994 Schache1992 Schausberger19892 Schoch1992j Schoen1981 Schoklender1997 Schuschnigg1997 Schuschnigg1997 Schuschnigg1997Schwartz1988Schwartz1989Schwartz1989Schwartz1989oSchwartz1991  Seidman1997 Selke1991 Selling1997Sepaulveda Cabezas1996 Serna Alonso1988A  Seymour1998Shapland1986 Shaw1991  Shaw1998 Shen1992 Shewan1996 Shih1989i Shih1992 Short1979v Silfen1996Silveira19900 Sim1995 Singh1982Skaberne1966 Smith1990 Smith1990 Smykla1996 Sohoni1989Soria Galvarro1997`Souta de Moura1992` Southey1992  Spaans1996  Spaans1997 Spaans1998 Sparks1991 Spens1994 Spier1997 Spierenburg1984 Spierenburg1991 Sprott1998 Stangl1988X Steinke1996 Stern1998 Stier1988Suarez Faillace1997 Sun1994 Sunter1996Svensson1995 Sykes1960 Szymanski19923 Tak1988X Tak1988 Tak1993 Tak1996 Takala1996 Tarsem1995-'Task Force on Federally Sentenced Women1990 Tavira1988 Tavira1995 Teeters1946" Telias19921ten Hove1989 Terrill1997 Thapa1991 Thurber1998t Tocqueville1988 Tomasevski1992 Tomasevski1994 Tonry1997 Tornudd1993 Toro1992 Toure1989Tournier1992Tournier1997Trinidad Fernandez1991 Trinquier1997  Trivedi1987  Trombetta1989 Tryer1996 Uhl1990  Unger1962 United Nations1952 United Nations1953United Nations1953United Nations1955United Nations1955United Nations1955United Nations1955United Nations1955United Nations1955United Nations1959United Nations1959United Nations1960United Nations1960United Nations1961United Nations1963`United Nations1964United Nations1967United Nations1968United Nations1971United Nations1972 United Nations1973!United Nations1974"United Nations1975#United Nations1975$United Nations1975%United Nations1975&United Nations1975'United Nations1976(United Nations1976)United Nations1976*United Nations1977`+United Nations1978,United Nations1978-United Nations1979/United Nations19800United Nations19801United Nations19802United Nations19803United Nations19804United Nations19825United Nations19836United Nations19837United Nations19848United Nations19849United Nations1984:United Nations1985;United Nations1985`<United Nations1985=United Nations1985>United Nations1985?United Nations1986AUnited Nations1987BUnited Nations1988CUnited Nations1988DUnited Nations1989EUnited Nations1990GUnited Nations1990HUnited Nations1990IUnited Nations1990JUnited Nations1990KUnited Nations1990`LUnited Nations1990MUnited Nations1990NUnited Nations1990OUnited Nations1994PUnited Nations1995QUnited Nations1996RUnited Nations1996SUnited Nations1997T Useem1989p Vagg19859 Vagg19949U Vagg1994  Valle1997nValle de la Cerda1991V Valls1986W van Dam1995X van Kalmthout1988Y van Zyl Smit1991AVarious authors1997ZVassilev1994 Vermunt1998 Verwers1997 Vestergaard1997 Vigier1992[ Vodopivec1962\ Vodopivec1963] Vodopivec1965^ Vodopivec1981_ Vodopivec1992 von Hofer1997` Vorenberg1990` Vorenberg1990a Vyas1995b Waite1993 Wakefield1995c Waldram1997d Walker1992e Walker1993 Walker1998 Wall19939fWalmsley1995gWalmsley1996hWalmsley1997Walmsley1997 Walter1998i Wang1992` Wang19955j Ward1981k Ward1992 Ward19991 Wardoyo1997l Watson1991m Watterson1996 Weber1992n Webuye1993 Weiss1998Weschler1989oWeschler1991pWeschler1992qWeschler1995 Whitman1990r Whitney1992s Wicks1979tWiechman1993 Wilkinson1995Williams1996 Williams1997 Wilson1992u Wilson1993 Wong19969 Woo1916vWorld Health Organization1990 Wydra1998wYamamoto1996Yamamoto1996x Yang1987y Yang1987z Yang1987{Yokoyama1994 Young1993| Young1993} Zagar1991 Zamora Avila19949 Zana1997~ Zebec1992 Zebec1992 Zhao1991" Zighelbaum1992 Zupan19882 Zupan19881955United Nations1955United Nations1955United Nations1959United Nations1959United Nations1960United Nations1960United Nations1961United Nations1963`United Nations1964United Nations1967United Nations1968United Nations1971United Nations1972 United Nations1973!United Nations1974"United Nations1975#United Nations1975$United Nations1975%United Nations1975&United Nations1975'United Nations1976(United Nations1976)United Nations1976*United Nations1977`+United Nations1978,United Nations1978-United Nations1979.United Nations1980/United Nations19800United Nations19801United Nations19802United Nations19803United Nations19804United Nations19825United Nations19836United Nations19837United Nations19848United Nations19849United Nations1984:United Nations1985;United Nations1985`<United Nations1985=United Nations1985>United Nations1985?United Nations1986@United Nations1987AUnited Nations1987p Vagg19859 Vagg19949  Valle1997nValle de la Cerda1991Various authors1997 Vigier1992 Wakefield1995 Wall19939` Wang19955 Wardoyo1997 Weber1992Weschler1989 Whitman1990 Wilkinson1995Williams1996 Wilson1992 Woo1916 Young1993 Zamora Avila19949" Zighelbaum19922f z0 !#&'()*+,-./12356789:;<=">?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSVWXYZ[\]^_`auqwbcdefhijkl%omn AuthorsJournalsKeywords2(  H!,^^X),]kk_D]D+7 ] z000 !!!!!####&&&''''''''((())**++++,,,,,,,,-------..........///////11cccccdddddddeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeffffffffffffffffhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhiiiiiiiiiiiiijjjjjjjjjjjkkkkkkkllllllll%%%ommmmmmmmmnnnnnn 0 '*,,,,,,,--.//39:;;<="?CDDHHHJKKNPSVWWXXZ[[\]]]]awdd%mn:. XX zzz0 !!##''')+,,.///26689:=="" j&:Bruzitsov, Khristo 1991$Tri khiliadi noshti v zatvoras Sofiia *$Univ. izd-vo "Sv. Kliment Okhridski" prisonersBulgariaBrydensholt, Hans H. 1983Prison management9  Strasbourg *$European Committee on Crime Problemsadministration~Global  Buda, Blanca 19884.Cuerpo I, zona IV: el infierno de Suarez Mason  Buenos Aires Editorial Contra Punta$corporal punishment prisonerss ArgentinaoBuntman, Fran Lisa 1997The politics of conviction: Political prisoner resistance on Robben Island, 1962-1991, and its implications for South African politics and resistance theory*$history prisoners system description South AfricaBurton-Rose, Danieli 1998HBThe celling of America: an inside look at the U.S. prison industry  Monroe, Me. Common Courage Pressadministration policy1 United Statesr Busch, Tobias 1988 Munchena Vvfr*$policy probation/parole/alternativesGermanyaZSSelective incapacitation: ein Beispiel fur den Versuch von Kriminalpravention durchaButler, Anne M. 1997TNGendered justice in the American west: women prisoners in men's penitentiaries  Urbana, IL "University of Illinois Press.(history prisoners women prisoner society United States Byron, Carole 1994Prisons and prisonersi$Home Office Research Bulletin 36 3-63statistics/researchA special edition of the bulletin addresses research on different aspects of the U.K.'s Prison Service. Editor Carole Byron introduces the 10 previously unpublished articles. John Ditchfield examines the relationship of family ties to the likelihood of reoffending. Liz Howard analyzes the home areas of prisoners in England and Wales. Ros Burnett considers the role of imprisonment as a deterrent to reoffending. Peter Marshall discusses the problems inherent in sexual reconviction studies. John Copas et al. describe the development of a new Reconviction Prediction Score. Alison Leibling and Helen Krarup review the incidence of suicide attempts in male prisons. Diane Caddle identifies the problems experienced by remand prisoners. Richard Harries reports on experiments allowing sentenced male prisoners to wear their own clothes. Ditchfield and Mike Lock consider the pattern and level of offenses and punishments before and after 1992, when changes were made in the prison disciplinary system and the Boards of Visitors lost their disciplinary role. Sheila White analyzes data from the 1991 National Prison Survey comparing the regimes and culture in 8 prisons.8England & WaleslCaldwell, Grant  1991Malabata North Ryde, NSW, Australia Angus & Robertson9conditions rightsMorocco .(Calliess, Rolf-Peter Muller-Dietz, Heinz 1991Strafvollzugsgesetz: Gesetz uber den Vollzug der Freiheitsstrafe und der freiheitsentziehenden Massregeln der Besserung und Sicherung mit ergaenzenden bestimmungen[ Munchenl  C.H. Beckppolicy prisonersGermany/ Carli, Aldo 1987Varovanje pravic obsojencev med prestajanjem kazni zapora (Protection of prisoners' rights during the implementation of prison sentence)Penoloski bilten52 27-32i rightsSloveniaCarlie, Michael Kaye 1993,%Prison reform in England: an overviewLEInternational Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology373197-219-4-policy statistics/research system description d]A four-month study of the British prison reform lobby obtained data from: interviews with Prison Service personnel and administrators of lobby groups; attendance at lobby group meetings; and a review of published literature. Though numerous barriers to penal reform in England exist, some reform efforts have been successful. Among these are the creation of probation services in 1906, and a 1990 modification in the law that forbids incarcerating youths under age 15. Evidence of Britain's enlightened and humane penal policy may be found in the vast array, size and variety of groups in the penal reform lobby. The Home Office has also been responsible for many of the more successful reform efforts. As in the U.S., however, there has been an increasing tendency to criminalize deviance and institutionalize offenders, resulting in gross prison overcrowding.eEngland & WaleseCarrafiello, Susan B. 1998JCThe tombs of the living: prisons and prison reform in liberal Italy New York P. Langhistory policy Italy.1122222333555666677778888888889999::::::;;;;;<<<========""""">>??????@@@AAABBBBBCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDEEEEEFFFFFFGGGHHHHHHHIIIIJJJKKLLMMMMMNNNNNOOOPPQQRRSSSSSVVVVVVWWWWWWXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^____````aaaaaaqqqwwwbbbbbbbcc2 z60Bishop, Norman Osborne, Ann S. Pettersson, Tomas 1987@9The drug free programme at the Hinseberg prison for women  Norrkoping ZTResearch and Development Group, Swedish National Prison and Probation Administration$drugs treatment program womeneA 2-year study followed 80 inmates who participated in a drug-free program between 1979 and 1981. Established in 1978 at Hinseberg Prison, Sweden's only national prison for women, the program is built around work or study, physical training, obligatory leisure activities and planning for social life outside prison. Of the 81 stays in the program (1 woman entered after receiving each of 2 separate sentences), 42 were completed according to plan and 39 were interrupted. In 14 cases, the interruption occurred at the inmates' request, and in ll cases the cause was misuse of leave from the prison. Misuse of alcohol or narcotics led to interruption of stay in 4 cases. Other forms of breach of the agreement, such as refusal to submit to urine testing, resulted in interruption of stay in the remaining 10 cases. Those who had completed elementary school and had injected drugs were the most likely to complete the program. Forty participants were sentenced to probation or imprisonment during follow-up. Twenty-one of these continued to misuse drugs and had negative assessments on occupational status. Nineteen participants had positive assessments of occupational status, no documented drug misuse and no further arrests. Among those with the most positive adjustment, ll had been sentenced for fairly serious drug offenses, as compared with only 3 people in the group with the most negative adjustment. Sweden,&Blaauw, Eric Kerkhof, Ad Vermunt, Riel 1998(!Psychopathology in police custody2+International Journal of Law and Psychiatrya211r 1-30 health pretrial detentione,&Three studies investigate prevalence of symptoms of psychopathology among detainees in Dutch police stations. Samples of 142, 55 and 112 detainees completed interviews in 11 police station cell blocks in the Netherlands. The samples were similar with regard to age, nationality and educational level. Psychopathological complaints were assessed by means of the Symptom Checklist-90. Despite the differing qualities of detention facilities and of interaction with police officers in the 3 studies, being locked up in police stations coincided with high levels of depression and somatization, and with many mood problems. The levels of depression and somatization appeared higher than those in jails, prisons and the general population, and were similar to levels found in a psychiatric population. Both vulnerability and situational factors appeared to account for elevated symptom levels, and perceptions of the situation seemed to be more important than the actual situation. A large proportion of the variance of mental problems, however, remained unexplained. NetherlandsL.'Blanchette, Kelley Motiuk, Laurence L.S 1996b[Female offenders with and without major mental health problems: a comparative investigationi Ottawa 81Research Division, Correctional Service of Canadat health women4.A study describes the mental health status of 76 federally sentenced adult female offenders incarcerated at the Prison for Women in Kingston, Ontario in 1989. Topics include: the case characteristics of study participants, institutional adjustment and in-program performance, and post-release outcomes. CanadaBlanchette, Kelley 1997ZSAn examination of medium- and maximum-security federally-sentenced female offendersl Ottawa $Correctional Service of Canada health womenA study compares female offenders placed in medium-security prisons with their maximum-security counterparts on: risk (security and escape); criminogenic need; and suicide potential. Canada('&%$x#"!Alata, Jean-Paul 1976Prison d'Afrique Parisl Editions du Seuil prisonersn Africa GuineaiAlexander, Neville 1994 Rondebosch, South Africa University of Cape Town  prisonersi South Africa.'Robben Island prison dossier: 1964-1974a Alkayam, Sami 1988PJNidon le-ma'asar 'olam: yomano shel asir (Sentenced for life imprisonment) Tel-Aviv Sifriyat po'alim prisoners Israel Amato, Nicolo 1990Oltre le sbarre Milano  A. Mondadorisystem description Italy,&American Association of Law Libraries, 1990LFRecommended collections for prison and other institution law libraries  Chicago, Ill.r ,%American Association of Law Librariesp"administration policy rightsCanada United States,&American Association of Law Libraries, 1991jdCorrectional facility law libraries: An A to Z resource guide providing legal services for prisoners  Laurel, Md. (!American Correctional Associationi"administration policy rightsCanada United States("American Correctional Association, 1981voThe Mexican penal colony at Islas Marias: Implications for alternative environments for long-term incarceration College Park, MD (!American Correctional Association0*conditions prisoner society types visitingd]Mexico's Islas Marias Penal Colony, which is on an island off Mexico's Pacific coast, is both the largest penal colony in the world and an innovative correctional environment. The colony is unique in that married prisoners may serve their sentences in the company of their wives and children. The prisoners and their families live in single-family dwellings clustered in camps or small villages scattered throughout the island. The population of Islas Marias is approximately 3,500 persons, about 1,500 of them prisoners, and 2,000 family members, staff, and Mexican marines. All prisoners are eligible to work in one or another of the island's industries for wages comparable to those that would be received elsewhere in Mexico. The island has, as an objective, the achievement of 90 percent self-sufficiency. Compared with traditional correctional institutions, there are relatively few restrictions placed on the movement and behavior of the inmates. Reasons why America should attempt an experimental family correctional community incorporating some of the features of the Islas Marias Penal Colony are discussed.l Mexico("American Correctional Association, 1983HAThe American prison: From the beginning . . . a pictorial historye College Park: MD (!American Correctional Association history typesp United States FZ,%Hirschel, J. David Wakefield, Williamt 199581Criminal justice in England and the United Statese,&statistics/research system descriptionA review compares the criminal justice system of England and Wales with that of the U.S., with a view toward policy implications for the administration of American criminal justice. Generally, the English appear to have placed more trust in the police and given them more power than their counterparts possess in the U.S. While the English system of policing appears more inclined towards Packer's (1968) crime control model, the U.S. system appears to have adopted more of the features of the due process model. In contrast to the U.S., jails in Britain are part of a unified prison service and are not administered by locally elected officials. More U.S. states may want to consider making jails part of a centralized prison service. Both England and the U.S. face similar problems in the area of juvenile justice. The English have long favored diversion, though the attitude of the public is beginning to change.s$England & Wales United States Howard, John 1777~State of the prisons in England and Wales, with preliminary observations, and an account of some foreign prisons and hospitals Warrington, Englandm W. Eyres& history system description types$England & Wales Western Europe Howard, John 1784Appendix to the state of the prisons in England and Wales, containing a farther account of foreign prisons and hospitals, with additional remarks on the prisons of this country Warrington, Englandb W. Eyres& history system description types$England & Wales Western Europe Howard, John 1789An account of the principal lazarettos in Europe with various papers relative to the plague: Together with further observations on some foreign prisons and hospitals, and additional remarks on the present state of those in Great Britain and IrelandB8Chile, intimidation and harassment by clandestine groups New York Amnesty International-AI index: AMR 22/35/88 rights ChileAmnesty International, 1988.'Cuba: political imprisonment, an update New York Amnesty Internationalprisoners rights CubaAmnesty International, 1988 Chile London Amnesty InternationaltAI Index: AMR 22/13/88 rights ChileAmnesty International, 198860El Salvador: Death squads, a government strategy London Amnesty International*$corporal punishment prisoners rights El Salvador-Amnesty International, 1989D=Egypt: Arbitrary detention and torture under emergency powersm New York Amnesty International*$corporal punishment prisoners rights Egypt-Amnesty International, 1989d]Mauritania, 1986-1989: Background to a crisis; three years of political imprisonment, torturea New York Amnesty Internationaln Mauritania>8conditions corporal punishment pretrial detention rightsAmnesty International, 1990RKChad, political prisoners held in secret: calling the government to account0 New York Amnesty InternationaliAI Index: 20/01/90*$corporal punishment prisoners rights ChadAmnesty International, 1990& Cuba--the human rights situation New York Amnesty InternationalvIndex: AMR 25/07/90  rights CubaAmnesty International, 1990HBEgypt: Recent human rights violations under the state of emergency New York Amnesty Internationala$corporal punishment prisonersl EgyptyAmnesty International, 1990JDPapua New Guinea: Human rights violations on Bougainville, 1989-1990 New York Amnesty Internationalm,%conditions corporal punishment rightsNPapua New GuineaAmnesty International, 1990 South Koreao New York Amnesty International.conditions rights- Korea, Republic of (South)Amnesty International, 1991*#Bahrain: Violations of human rightsr New York Amnesty InternationalrAI Index: MDE 11/01/91*$corporal punishment prisoners rightsBahrain IHGFERDCBA@?>Amnesty International, 1991@9China: Punishment without crime: administrative detention New York Amnesty InternationalAI Index: ASA 17/27/91 Chinas*#pretrial detention prisoners rightsiAmnesty International, 1991@9South Korea: Prisoners held for national security reasonsm New York Amnesty International.AI Index: ASA 25/25/91prisoners rights Korea, Republic of (South)Amnesty International, 1991"Egypt: Ten years of torturen New York Amnesty InternationalAI Index: MDE 12/18/91*$corporal punishment prisoners rights Egypt1Amnesty International, 1991`YEquatorial Guinea: Arrests of pro-democracy activists, a changing pattern of human rights New York Amnesty InternationalA1 Index: AFR 24/03/91 rightsEquatorial GuineasAmnesty International, 1991\ULibya: Amnesty International's prisoner concerns in the light of recent legal reforms New York Amnesty Internationala rights LibyaiAmnesty International, 1991.'Morocco: Amnesty International briefinge New York Amnesty InternationaleAI Index: MDE 29/02/91 corporal punishment rightsMoroccouAmnesty International, 1991ZTUnion of Myanmar Burma: Arrests and trials of political prisoners, January-July 1991 New York Amnesty International AI Index:ASA 06/10/91r rightsMyanmar1Amnesty International, 1992NGMalawi: Prison conditions, cruel punishment and detention without trial  New York, NY Amnesty International"conditions discipline rightsyA report investigates prison conditions, cruel punishment and detention without trial in the southeast African country of Malawi. Political prisoners in Malawi suffer generally poor prison conditions that, in some cases, amount to deliberately cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. Some convicted criminals are subjected to a special punishment regime--the so-called "hard-core program" in which they are reportedly kept naked and chained to the floor, given minimal food, denied medical care, and severely beaten. Many are reported to have died at Dzeleka and Nsanje prisons. At least 2 political detainees have died in recent months, apparently due to poor conditions. Authorities have held no inquests into these deaths, as required by Malawian law. An unknown number of detainees--by some accounts as many as 50, including 2 prisoners of conscience--were released in January 1992, following the release of 88 prisoners in 1991. More than 20 long-term political prisoners are still held, along with many other uncharged detainees--possibly more than 100. There is cause for concern about several more recent arrests with political overtones.a MalawiAmnesty International, 1992B;Egypt, security police detentions undermine the rule of lawt New YorkAI Index: MDE 12/01/92 Egypta Amnesty Internationals>7corporal punishment pretrial detention prisoners rightsiAmnesty International, 1992^XAfghanistan, reports of torture, ill-treatment and extrajudicial executions of prisoners New YorkAI Index: ASA 11/01/92>7capital punishment corporal punishment prisoners rightso Afghanistan Amnesty InternationalAmnesty International, 1992 New York Amnesty InternationalgAI Index: AMR 37/02/92 rightsHondurasF@"Disappearances" in Honduras: A wall of silence and indifferenceAmnesty International, 1992JDIsrael/South Lebanon: The Khiam detainees, torture and ill-treatment New York Amnesty InternationalAI index: MDE 15/08/92 corporal punishment rightsIsrael LebanonZYXWVUTS0RQPONMLKJAmnesty International, 1993China, update on torture New York Amnesty InternationalwAI Index: ASA 17/12/93 corporal punishment rights ChinaAmnesty International, 1993b\China: Torture and ill-treatment, comments on the additional report of the People's Republic New York Amnesty InternationalAI index: ASA 17/11/93 corporal punishment rights ChinasAmnesty International, 1993<5Cambodia: Human rights concerns July to December 1992 New York Amnesty InternationalAI Index: ASA 23/01/93 rightsCambodiaAmnesty International, 1993VOBrazil: "Death has arrived;" prison massacre at the Casa de Detencao, Sao Paulo New York Amnesty International AI Index: AMR 19/08/93 Brazil2,pretrial detention prisoner society violenceAmnesty International, 19940*Egypt: Human rights defenders under threat New York Amnesty InternationalAI Index: MDE 12/15/1994 Egypti4-corporal punishment pretrial detention rightsiAmnesty International, 19940)Algeria: Repression and violence must end New York Amnesty InternationaltAlgeriab4-corporal punishment pretrial detention rightsiAmnesty International, 1994*$Kuwait, three years of unfair trials New York Amnesty InternationalAI index: MDE 17/01/94 Kuwait pretrial detention rightsiAmnesty International, 1995F?Japan: Prisoners on death row wait for secret, random execution London Amnesty InternationalAI Index ASA 22/06/95conditions rights JapanAAmnesty International, 1995(!Amnesty International Report 1995l New York Amnesty International AI Index: POL 10/01/95>8rights corporal punishment capital punishment conditions~GlobalAmnesty International, 1995d^Democratic People's Republic of Korea North Korea: Human rights violations behind closed doors New York Amnesty InternationalxAI Index: ASA 24/12/95,%conditions corporal punishment rights2+Korea, Democratic People's Republic (North)Amnesty International, 199581Women in China: Imprisoned and abused for dissentd New York Amnesty InternationaliAI Index:ASA17/29/95prisoners womenc China5Amnesty International, 1995NGPeople's Republic of China: Persistent human rights violations in Tibet New York Amnesty InternationalAI Index: ASA 17/18/95 China:60corporal punishment pretrial detention prisonersAmnesty International, 1995HBAlbania, failure to end police ill-treatment and deaths in custody New York Amnesty InternationaliAI Index: EUR 11/04/95Albanial4-corporal punishment pretrial detention rightsiAmnesty International, 1995@:India, determining the fate of the 'disappeared' in Punjab New York Amnesty InternationaljAI Index: ASA 20/28/95 corporal punishment rights India Amnesty International, 1995.(Mongolia: Prison inmates starve to death New York Amnesty InternationalAI Index: ASA 30/02/95conditions health rightsMongoliaAmnesty International, 1996`ZKuwait, five years of impunity: Human rights concerns since the withdrawal of Iraqi forces New York Amnesty InternationalAI Index: MDE 17/01/96 Kuwait pretrial detention rightsiAmnesty International, 1997`YIsrael/South Lebanon, Israel's forgotten hostages: Lebanese detainees in Israel and Khiam New York Amnesty InternationalAI Index: MDE 15/18/97 Israel Jordanc pretrial detention rightsi 4 > Spaans, E. C. Verwers, C.n 1997JCElectronic monitoring in the Netherlands: results of the experimenta  The Haguet &Netherlands Ministry of Justice$probation/parole/alternativese\UA Dutch study investigates whether electronic monitoring can serve as a substitute for (part of) an unconditional prison sentence. Interview data were collected from 126 offenders who took part in an experiment carried out in 4 jurisdictions in the Netherlands from July 1995 to January 1997. Participants were either no longer eligible for an alternative sanction because of the seriousness of their offense, or they had spent at least half their term in a prison and were eligible for daytime detention. Electronic monitoring was found to pose a genuine restriction of liberty and was by no means considered to be an "easy option." The small number of persons who applied for or were sentenced to an alternative sanction plus electronic monitoring raises questions, however, about the workability of this modality for reducing the use of imprisonment.a Netherlandsa Spaans, E. C. 1998VPCommunity service in the Netherlands: its effects on recidivism and net-widening,%International Criminal Justice Reviewn8n 1-14$probation/parole/alternatives A review describes the major outcomes of recently conducted research into community service in the Netherlands, first introduced in 1981 to reduce the use of short-term imprisonment. The number of community service orders imposed annually increased from 213 in 1981 to 12,737 in 1995. In 1989, community service became the third principal penalty under the penal code. Two important objectives of community service--lower recidivism and the reduction of unconditional short-term imprisonment--have at best been only partially achieved. The effects of community service on recidivism do not differ much from those of suspended prison sentences of 6 months or less when imposed on "similar" offenders for similar offenses. Because work sentences are sometimes used as alternatives to other non-incarcerative sentences, community service seems to play only a modest role in the reduction of unconditional short-term imprisonment. NetherlandsP  Spens, Iona 1994$Architecture of incarceration London Academy Editionsarchitecture historyleDevelopments in the architectural design of prisons are analyzed in an illustrated anthology containing essays plus detailed descriptions of recently constructed and planned prisons in Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, the U.K. and the U.S. Thomas A. Markus ponders whether the history of prison design can serve as a guide for contemporary efforts. Peter Wayne discusses the psychological effects of spatial confinement. Leslie Fairweather addresses the nineteenth century roots of prison design in the twentieth century. Commentaries are provided by Cedric Price, Ian Ritchie, and Kisho Kurokawa.eJDCanada France Germany Netherlands Spain United Kingdom United States Spier, Philip 1997<5Conviction and sentencing of offenders in New Zealand  Wellington Ministry of Justicestatistics/research New Zealand Spierenburg, Pieter 1984^XThe emergence of carceral institutions: Prisons, galleys, and lunatic asylums, 1550-19004.Centrum voor Maatschappij Geschiedenis; vol 12  Rotterdamr Erasmus Universiteit history typestWestern EuropedcT, P. Devlieger, L. 1977TNDifferentiation of regimes and institutions in relation to dangerous prisonersLEStatistical study on the recidivism of prisoners released during 1961I Strasbourg, France >8Council of Europe - European Committee on Crime Problems types A major issue in the imprisonment of dangerous offenders concerns whether they should be concentrated in one institution or dispersed throughout the entire system of institutions. Countries which have not add(!Asia Crime Prevention Foundation, 1990D=Trends in criminality and criminal justice process in generalv<6Asian Journal of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice8n 176osystem descriptionThe Asia Crime Prevention Foundation was established in Tokyo in 1981 to promote coordination and cooperation among criminal justice administrators in Asia and elsewhere. For the first time its journal, previously published mainly in Japanese, appears also in English. Papers appearing in this issue were contributed by visiting experts and criminal justice officials who participated in the 1989-1990 International Training Courses and Seminars sponsored by the United Nations Asia and Far Institute for the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders. Part I, "Experts' Papers," includes: "Treatment of Offenders with Special Reference to the Implementation of the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisons in the Asia and Far East Region" by Hira Singh (India); Islamic Criminal Justice System: Legislation and Application" by Hassan El Sa'aty (Saudi Arabia); "The Problem of Imprisonment, Overcrowding of Prisons--the Search of Solutions" by H.G. Dharmadasa (Sri Lanka); "Prosecution Policy in England and Wales" by John Wood (U.K.); and "International Transfer of Prisoners" by Clair A. Cripe (U.S.). Part II, "Trends in Criminality and Criminal Justice Process in General," includes seminar participants' reports and statistical summaries from the Philippines (Benigno S. Dacanay), Thailand (Gritsin Kanoknark), Malaysia (Arthur Edmonds), Bangladesh (Md. Golam Kibria Bhuiyan), Zambia (Winter Archin Nyamamwita Kabwiku), Fiji (Josaia Naigulevu), and the Sudan (Azhary Khalil Mohemed).|Asia India Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka England and Wales Philippines United States Thailand Malaysia Bangladesh Zambia Fiji Sudan Asia Watch, 1991 Prison conditions in India New York Human Rights Watch A report on prison conditions in India is based on interviews conducted during a 2-week visit in 1990 and analysis of documents. The authors were denied access to Indian prisons. Anyone unfortunate enough to be arrested faces a far greater likelihood of torture, or worse, at the hands of the police than they do in many countries entirely lacking in the protection for civil liberties available in India. Once detainees have been sent to prisons and jails, they are confronted with a rigid class system that is mandated by law. Special privileges are accorded the minority of upper- or middle-class prisoners, irrespective of the crimes they may have committed or their behavior while incarcerated. Chapter topics include: women in police detention and in the prisons; "convict-officers"; overcrowding; health and medical care; punishment in the prisons; prisoners confined for politically motivated offenses; and India's human rights movement. Reforms are recommended to improve conditions in both police detention and the prisons. India*#conditions pretrial detention womenwhg8feLer, L. 1977TNDifferentiation of regimes and institutions in relation to dangerous prisonersLEStatistical study on the recidivism of prisoners released during 1961I Strasbourg, France >8Council of Europe - European Committee on Crime Problems ty Asia Watch, 1995 Prison conditions in Japan New York Human Rights Watch.(conditions corporal punishment prisonersA report highlights aspects of prison conditions in Japan, focusing on human rights violations. The findings are based on interviews with over 20 former inmates and others as well as reviews of government documents. Overall, conditions in the prison system violate basic tenets of international human rights laws. Japanese inmates experience routine violations of human rights, beginning at arrest and detention and continuing throughout the prison sentence. Moreover, prisoners often suffer from severe abuse inflicted by prison staff. Most problematic is the system's extreme rigidity and the failure to recognize that prisoners have any rights. While conditions are physically adequate, the draconian discipline, lack of human contact, and strict limits on contact with outsiders, attorneys and other prisoners, make the living conditions intolerable. In both prison and detention centers, prisoners are typically housed in spartan single cells; troublemakers are placed in particularly poor cells as a punitive measure. Solitary confinement is a common punishment for a variety of infractions including trivial ones; more serious violators may be beaten by the prison guards. Conditions on death row are particularly intolerable, and executions are held in secrecy. Isolation is even more acute among foreigners than for Japanese inmates. Recommendations are offered to bring Japanese prisons in compliance with international human rights laws. Japane& Australia Law Reform Commission, 1988$The Commonwealth Prisoners Act Canberra $Australian Govt. Pub. Servicei rights AustraliacD=Australia Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, 1992TMAboriginal deaths in custody: Response by governments to the Royal Commission Canberra .(Australian Government Publishing Service Between 1980 and 1989, 99 aboriginal or Torres Strait islander people died in the custody of police, prison or juvenile authorities in Australia. The Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in custody was jointly commissioned by the Commonwealth, the States and Northern Territory in 1987. The final report of the commission, presented to governments in 1991, set forth 339 recommendations for reform of law and justice systems. The present 3-volume document contains responses of governments to each of the recommendations. Australiaf6/indigenous people pretrial detention minoritiesiAvila Granados, Jesusi 1993& Mazmorras que han hecho historia Barcelona, Espana Planetahistory.'Central & Eastern Europe Western Europefk j4i 2Aymard, P. Devlieger, L. 1977TNDifferentiation of regimes and institutions in relation to dangerous prisonersLEStatistical study on the recidivism of prisoners released during 1961I Strasbourg, France >8Council of Europe - European Committee on Crime Problems types A major issue in the imprisonment of dangerous offenders concerns whether they should be concentrated in one institution or dispersed throughout the entire system of institutions. Countries which have not added specialized units to their range of institutions have adopted, essentially, one objective criterion for the definition of dangerousness the act for which an offenders is imprisoned or which he commits during imprisonment. Those regimes which have adopted the criterion of presumed dangerousness have most frequently established specialized prison units where, as a result of separation, the risks of disturbance to the prison community and of attacks on staff are reduced. Responding Council of Europe prison administrations have rejected the idea of concentrating all dangerous offenders in one institution and subscribe to the dispersal of dangerous prisoners either throughout traditional institutions or in specialized units. Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Iceland, Italy, and Norway disperse dangerous prisoners throughout penal institutions with satisfactory security norms. Where necessary, isolation arrangements are applied when certain prisoners prove to be temporarily unfit for community life. In three German provinces, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Austria, and France, dangerous offenders are put in institutions with a strict regime and then, if necessary, sent to small-sized special units. The regime applied in high-security institutions or units is never of a disciplinary nature. The emphasis is on remote or close-up observation and on isolation from the prison community. All that is reduced, controlled, or removed is the prisoner's freedom to move around while in p rison and to take part in community life. In Austria and Germany, the length of stay in a high-security wing is theoretically the same as the term of the sentence; in practice, the period varies, depending on the dangerousness of the prisoner. In the other countries the duration is not specified but depends on behavior and the ability to be reintegrated into a traditional type of prison. A ten-year follow-up study of 597 prisoners released from correctional institutions in Belgium in 1961 was conducted. Of the total sample, 235 or 39.4 per cent became recidivists within the ten-year period. Recidivism was defined as being convicted of a new offense and sentenced to a term of imprisonment of at least two months. The subjects ranged in age from 18 to over 60 years. The 18-21 age group had the highest rate of recidivism (51.9 per cent). Of those that recidivated, 28.5 per cent attained more than three new convictions in the ten-year period. Recidivism was most frequent in the first four years after release. Those released from closed institutions (prisons) had the highest rate of recidivism.~Global2,Azaola Garrido, Elena Jose Yacaman, Cristina 1996b\Las mujeres olvidadas: Un estudio sobre la situacion actual de las carceles de mujeres en la  Mexico, D.F. `YColegio de Mexico, Programa Interdisciplinario de Estudios de la Mujer: Comision Nacional6prisoners womeng Mexico&Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional,s 1988ZSLaporan penelitian aspek-aspek hukum yang mempengaruhi penerimaan bekas nara pidanat Jakartae :4Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, Departemen Kehakiman&policy rights treatment programr Indonesiaxw|vJu~tB;Beaumont, Gustave de Tocqueville, Alexis de Lieber, Francisg 1988TMOn the penitentiary system in the United States and its application in France  Philadelphia Carey, Lea & Blanchard history system description FranceBecerra, Alfredo 1994Fuga de los Estados  Buenos Aires  Caja Editorahistorye Argentinaa2+Ben, David Sarah Silfen, Peter Cohen, David 1996yFearful custodial or fearless personal relations: Prison guards' fear as a factor shaping staff-inmate relation prototypeLEInternational Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 402i 94-104prisoners staffrA study identifies some of the conditions that may account for differences in orientation and in staff-inmate relations in correctional institutions. Attention is on the relationship between 5 relationship prototypes: therapeutic, punitive, custodial, integrative and patronage; and anxiety resulting from personal, professional, and job insecurity. Self-report questionnaire data were collected from 50 staff members employed in the psychiatric ward of Ayalon prison, a maximum-security facility in Israel.i IsraelBensinger, Gad J.r 1983Prisons in IsraeldCorrections Today455a 56-58 conditions rightsIsrael's overcrowded prisons are often unfit for human habitation. They are bastions of violence and abuse where occupational facilities are virtually nonexistent and rehabilitation exists in name only. The country's correctional services predate establishment of the state in 1948. The prison system was originally set up in 1926 as part of the British mandatory police force and now comprises 15 institutions. Half the 6,300 inmates are Palestinian security prisoners incarcerated for terrorist activities or security breaches. Rising violence, pervasive homosexuality and the existence of the "Barn boss" or inmate enforcer system were first revealed by the Shimron Commission appointed in 1978. About 2,710 correctional officers were employed by the Prison Service in 1981, more than ever before. Despite close to a 2:1 ratio of inmates to officers, Israeli correctional administrators regard the system as seriously understaffed. A severe shortage of qualified personnel results from the high rate of resignations and the unattractivene- ss of correctional work in Israel. Conditions in two of the four maximum security prisons, Beer-Sheva and Ramle, are especially bad. Most of the 1,000 inmates in Beer-Sheva are idle most of the day and are locked in their cells, except for a few hours in the afternoon. The sewage system often overflows, drugs are smuggled into prison, and mice, mosquitoes and other pests are common. The Prison Service Investigation Committee reported that 500 of the 650 prisoners in Ramle are held in subhuman, overcrowded conditions. In all of the prisons, physical assaults, sexual attacks, invasions of privacy and thefts have become common. Most education and vocational programs are poorly attended and have little effect on the population. Social services have been hampered by poor relations between prison administrators and social workers. Promise is seen in a new approach in which businesses are invited to establish plants inside the prisons and pay standard worker's wages. Israel Bernheim, Hean Claudep 1987Suicide in prison' Quebec Editions du Meridien healthVOA study compares suicides in prison in Canada, France, Belgium and Switzerland.(!Canada France Belgium Switzerlandny.'Birkenmayer, Andrew C. Besserer, Sandrao 1997ZSSentencing in adult provincial courts: a study of nine jurisdictions: 1993 and 1994a Ottawa @9Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice StatisticsCstatistics/researcha CanadaBirtles, Terry B.P 1989$Prisoners' rights in Australia81Australian and New Zealand Journal of CriminologyD224202-212conditions rightssA review examines the impact of international human rights law on the treatment of prisoners in Australia. Because the country functions as a federal system, with all prisons operating according to independent penal codes, common standards at a national level can only be offered as guidelines, with considerable variation in interpretation from state to state. The Nagle Report of 1978 removed substantial Australian conservative restrictions against prison reform and has paved the way for more effectual Australian commitment to its international human rights obligations. Despite accomplishments in the area of prisoners' rights, there is no room for complacency. If standards now in a draft of Minimum Standard Guidelines for Corrections in Australia and New Zealand are to be achieved, public attitudes, police practice (including military police), political and legislative support, judicial action, media coverage and prison staff training programs need further reform.uAustralia New Zealand  vBoutellier, J. C. J. 1998$Re-integration of ex-offenders60European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research62167-277i release treatment programThis issue of the journal features 6 previously unpublished papers on the community reintegration of ex-offenders, particularly in Europe. Editor J.C.J. Boutellier offers a brief introduction. George Burns highlights the importance to community reintegration of aiding ex-offenders with their employment and housing needs. Andrew McCall asserts that reintegration programs should meet the range of offenders' needs, be linked to the labor market, and provide continuity into the community. Nancy Louks et al. describe the Coping with Convictions Unit, a Northern Ireland project established in 1995 to encourage employers to employ ex-offenders. Peter Ph. Nelissen analyzes survey data on prisoners' attitudes toward rehabilitation in the Netherlands. Alison Rieple discusses the potential for motivating ex-offenders to establish their own businesses. Fred Hoogenboom describes Dutch programs to integrate ex-prisoners into the labor market.(!Netherlands Northern Ireland (UK)oBowery, Margaret 1992@:National prisons HIV Peer Education Program: An evaluation Sydney NHNew South Wales Department of Corrective Services, Research & Statisticseducation healthA study evaluates the National Prisons HIV Peer Education Program (PPEP) in Australia, designed to prevent the spread of HIV in the inmate population by providing information, skills and attitudes necessary to avoid infection. Topics cover: the workshop manual; implementation; participant characteristics; selection process; and perceptions of workshop effectiveness. Recommendations are provided. Australia- .'Brana, Shute Rosemary Brana, Shute Gary  1980,%Crime and punishment in the Caribbean Gainesville, FLn >7University of Florida Center for Latin American Studies&policy system description womeny The rapid growth of crime and violence in the Caribbean poses dramatic challenges to citizens and governments. The papers compiled in this anthology examine various aspects of crime and punishment in the Caribbean. In the first paper, Delroy Chuck examines sentencers and how they perform the job of sentencing in the Commonwealth Caribbean, with particular reference to Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. Chuck reviews who the sentencers are, their training, the range of sentences available, the aim of the sentences, the sentencer's decision-making processes and the factors to be considered in making a sentencing decision, and sentencing reform. Dudley Allen examines urban crime and violence in Jamaica. In developing countries such as Jamaica, crime in its various forms of personal and public violence, organized racketeering, currency frauds, and drugs is behind much of what is detrimental in society. Allen presents detailed data on violent crimes in Jamaica from 1960 77. In a second paper, he argues that violent crime in Jamaica affects in equal proportions people from all segments of society, and any coherent preventive measure operates in the interests of Jamaican society as a whole. Kenneth Pryce and Daurius Figueira present a statistical examination of the correlation between rape and urbanization and population concentration in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. They then consider a number of factors related to social class that determine the pattern of the phenomenon, and argue that rape, although occurring in the middle and upper classes as well, is predominantly a lower-class phenomenon expressing an attempt to establish manhood at the expense of economically unprotected lower-class women. The disabilities of the female victim under the law in Trinidad and Tobago are examined, and a reform of the law of rape is advocated. Rafael Santos del Valle addresses aspects of the relationship between urban crime and violence in Puerto Rico and the development of a coherent public policy. Salient features of the sociohistorical background of urban crime and violence are discussed, and a description is given of some major government responses to the problems of crime and violence in Puerto Rico. Max Carr e profiles the state of criminology in Haiti. Michael Parris provides an overview of urban crime and violence in Guyana, and in a second paper describes the Guyanese prison population and the programs available to inmates. A. Leerschool-Liong A. Jin reviews research designed to study whether and how the forced migration of 5,000 6,000 Bush Negroes in Suriname has changed social, legal, and criminological aspects of their lives. J. M. M. Binda presents data on murders committed from 1965 78 by women in Suriname.s^XCaribbean South America Barbados Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago Puerto Rico Guyana Suriname, Brand, Koolen M. J. M. 1987("Studies on the Dutch prison system("Dutch Studies on Crime and Justice  Amstelveen Kugler:3policy staff statistics/research system descriptionAn anthology, the first in a series on Dutch criminal justice, is intended to present the work of the government's Research and Documentation Centre to a wider international audience. Included are previously published and unpublished essays and studies. The Dutch prison system is known for short sentences: 80% of them less than 6 months, and another 10% in the 6-12 month range. Currently, about 4,900 offenders are undergoing some form of deprivation of liberty, an average of 30-35 inmates per 100,000 population. Though this rate is somewhat lower than 10 years ago, the government has announced construction of 5 more prisons, a controversial policy. Rehabilitation has been largely abandoned as a goal of prison policy and replaced by less ambitious objectives. Included are: "The Dutch penal system -- an introductory note" by Maria Brand-Koolen; "Impressions of an Australian visitor" by Tony Vinson, Marisca Brouwers and Marianne Sampiemon; "Prison policy and penological research in the Netherlands" by Andre Rook and Brand-Koolen; "The impact of medium-term incarceration: a comparative exploration" by Bart van der Linden; "'De Sprang" -- an evaluation of a special regime in a remand center" by Bert Berghuis; and "Management strategies and tactics" by Vinson, Brouwers and Sampiemon. Also included are: "Views of prison officers" by Vinson, Brouwers and Sampiemon; "Leave from prison" by Rook and Jos Verhagen; "Detention at the Government's pleasure: a follow-up study of patients released from the Dr. Henri Van der Hoeven Clinic" by Jos van Emmerik; "Recidivism among mentally disordered offenders detained at the Government's pleasure (TBR). A report of a follow-up study of patients discharged between 1974 and 1979" by van Emmerik; "The Alcohol Program: an educational program for drunken drivers in prison" by Rob Bovens; "Drug users in remand centers" by Lorijn Meijboom; and "Ethnic minorities in Dutch confinement" by Brand-Koolen. Netherlands HABraswell, Michael C. Montgomery, Reid H., Jr. Lombardo, Lucien X.v 1994 Prison violence in America  Cincinnati Anderson  2nd4-administration prisoners riots security staffdAn anthology includes historical and contemporary accounts of prison violence, and analyzes a variety of personal harms inflicted inside prisons. Sections address: reflections on the experience of prison violence; interpersonal violence, including inmate-on-inmate violence, and correctional administration, staff, and prison violence; collective violence and prison riots; and strategies for dealing with prison violence. United Statest*#Braybrook, Beverley Southey, Pamela. 1992$Census of prison inmates 1991  Wellington :3Department of Justice, Policy and Research Divisionl$prisoners statistics/researchnRKA survey of inmates incarcerated in New Zealand prisons during 1991 includes remand prisoners, and inmates in custody for default in paying fines. Characteristics examined include: age and ethnicity; sentence length; prior incarcerations; current offense; criminal history; traffic offenders; classification status; gang membership and affiliation; psychological and psychiatric treatment; medication; dependent children; work parole; home leave; programs; employment; protective custody; deportations; young offenders; earnings on release; and comparisons with previous prison censuses.r New ZealandaD*@lo itelji dru benega vzdusja v kazenskih zavodih v SR Sloveniji (Indicators of social climate in correctional institutions of SR Slovenia)0)Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijor364v304-317sprisoner society Life in correctional institutions is still a secret. As only few people know what is in fact going on behind the prison gate, society can not exercise any influence on what happens to convic"Bridgwood, Ann Malbon, Gilli 199560Survey of the physical health of prisoners, 1994 London &Her Majesty's Stationery Office health(!A survey provides information on the health and health-related behavior of sentenced male prisoners in England and Wales during 1994. Approximately 1,000 sentenced men, aged 16 and over, were interviewed in 32 prison establishments. Findings report degree of chronic illness or disability; contacts with physicians; use of prescription medicines; health-related behaviors as cigarette smoking, drinking, drug use, and physical activity; diet and eating habits; and physiological and anthropormetric measures as height, weight and blood pressure.eEngland & Wales. Brill, Julie 1988 Washington, DC  Asia Watch rights Korea, Republic of (South)\VAssesing reform in South Korea: A supplement to the Asia Watch report on Legal process  Brinc, Franc 1976XROrganization, methods of work and efficiency of assistance provided to ex-convicts NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Law44,%probation/parole/alternatives releaser*$Research report with English summarySlovenia  Ljubljana  Brinc, Franc 1979XRSome characteristics of implementation of prison sentence in France and Yugoslavia NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Law51 policyFrance Yugoslavia*$Research report with English summary  Ljubljanal  Brinc, Franc 1982|vImplementation of prison sentence in open and half-way correctional institutions in the Socialist Republic of Slovenia NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Lawg64 policy*$Research report with English summarySlovenia  Ljubljana Brinc, Franc 1984d]Kazenski zavod kot terapevtsko okolje (Correctional institution as a therapeutic environment)\0)Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijo\344319-331jtreatment programAccording to its basic corrective orientation, a correctional institution can be punitive or rehabilitative, the first orientation excluding the second. In order to establish which orientation Slovene correctional institutions are closer to in practice, we chose 8 correctional institutions and departments (closed, halfway and open) and using Moos' questionnaire for measuring the social climate (Moos Correctional Institution Environmental Scale, Form C) interviewed 308 correctional workers and 358 convicts. We concluded that male convicts in all the institutions got the highest scores in items of control, which indicates that these institutions are still mostly oriented to the control function. Consequently, correctional institutions satisfactory perform their function of protecting society against delinquents during the execution of their sentence, but are much less successfull in rehabilitating the offenders. In this respect, there are only very small differences between closed, halfway and open correctional institutions. Open institutions do not have a more rehabilitative orientation although there is less control in these institutions than in closed ones. Correctional institutions are no longer classical punitively oriented institutions institutions although there are not rehabilitative institutions either. As correctional institutions have not yet become therapeutic environments, the expectation that correctional institutions must correct convicts in unrealisable.SloveniaBF Franc 1990ZSVloga delva v prevzgoji obsojencev (Role of work in the rehabilitation of convicts)z0)Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijoc413c185-196 laborxqThe fundamental question of this issue is the penological aspect of prison labour. What can work offer to convicts in addition to what it provides to ordinary w Brinc, Franc 1984rlObsojen eva percepcija delavcev kazenskega zavoda (Inmate's perception of staff in correctional institution)0)Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijo353j224-235n staffNGReciprocal social perception in correctional institutions influences the behavior of correctional personnel and prisoners, determining so a quality of relations established between a prison staff and convicts. In correctional institutions we can distinguish two basic roles assumed by correctional workers: they are either treatment or custody oriented and it is according to the perception of one ofr other role that correctional personnel and convicts behave. The fundamental social climate in an institution is created by correctional staff who with its power creates and shapes a quality and quantity of mutual relations. Notably important are attitudes of custodial staff toward convicts. By interviewing 358 convicts in closed and open correctional institutions in SR Slovenia it was stated that convicts perceive the favourably instructors (64% of positive perceptions), while educators and guards are both equally negatively perceived (52% of negative perceptions). This indicates that prisoners do not refuse only guards but also educators. According to the estimations of prisoners, guards are more equitable than educators, have better understanding of convicts' problems, and their deeds are more in accordance with their words when compared with educators. There is no difference in perception of correctional personnel between closed and open correctional institutions. In order to improve mutual perception between correctional staff and convicts, a professional training of prison workers is considered to be necessary as well as modification of their attitude and positions toward convicts.eSlovenia Brinc, Franc 1985Dolo itelji dru benega vzdusja v kazenskih zavodih v SR Sloveniji (Indicators of social climate in correctional institutions of SR Slovenia)0)Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijor364v304-317sprisoner society Life in correctional institutions is still a secret. As only few people know what is in fact going on behind the prison gate, society can not exercise any influence on what happens to convicts during the implementation of a prison sentence. Research on the social climate in correctional institutions in Slovenia (using Moos' questionnaire, form CIES, 86 questions) indicated that correctional institutions make too great an effort to maintain order and organization in institutions and that they supervise convicts too strictly. This restrains above all their autonomy and reduces their expressivity. Not enough attention is paid to providing help to convicts in solving their personal problems. According to the attitudes of convicts democratic treatment orientation is the most important element of social climate. Equally important for convicts is how they are treated by prison staff. This, however, is not determined by regulations but depends on attitudes, values and philosophy of life of correctional workers. According to the opinions of correctional workers social climate is determined by variables indicating formal organization of correctional institutions. Thus, the most important factors are the maintenance of order and organization in institutions as well as supervision of convicts. For this reason it is not possible to expect rehabilitation of convicts in institutions with strict supervision. Social climate in these institutions is unfavourable, which has negative implications on emotions and personality of convicts and prison workers.cSloveniaX" Brinc, Franc 1985xqVsebinska usmeritev delovanja slovenskih kazenskih zavodov (Conceptual orientation of Slovene penal institutions) 0)Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijo363207-221 policy6Slovenia  Brinc, Franc 1988ZSImplementation of short-term prison sentences in the Socialist Republic of Slovenia NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Law81 policy*$Research report with English summarySlovenia  Ljubljanam  Brinc, Franc 1989Work in prison NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Lawi84 laborn*$Research report with English summarySlovenia  Ljubljana Brinc, Franc 1990ZSVloga delva v prevzgoji obsojencev (Role of work in the rehabilitation of convicts)z0)Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijoc413c185-196 laborxqThe fundamental question of this issue is the penological aspect of prison labour. What can work offer to convicts in addition to what it provides to ordinary workers? Does prison labour have some other objectives and are these objectives supposed to have a certain effect during the implementation of penal sanctions or only after the prisoner's release? How can we establish what are in fact these purposes and how could they be accomplished? Throughout the world there have been many disillusions because the expectations concerning rehabilitative value of prison labour did not materialize. Even after adopting a different attitude regarding rehabilitative aspects of labour, the prisoners' work remains the core of penitentiary regime. Prison labour has alway been a means of treatment or of the contents which was understood under the concept of treatment. For this reason, prison labour has been subjected during the history to numerous changes (labour as punishment, labour as an element of penalty, labour as a means of treatment and work as a value per se). Today no specific rehabilitative purpose has been assigned to prison labour. Rather, it is considered as a normal activity of everyday existence, so at the freedom as well as in the period during imprisonment. Prison labour has not been any more a punishment for the crime committed but rather a means to help convicts to serve their time, prevent physical and mental decline and facilitate their social reintegration after having served their sentence. When properly organized, prison labour also has economic advantages for the convict, the correctional institution and society. Slovenia Brinc, Franci 1990& Delo obsojencev (Work in prison)0)Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijol411 12-23 labor7Slovenia Brinc, Franci 1990>8Resocializacija obsojencev (Rehabilitation of prisoners)Penoloski bilten8a3 23-38treatment programSlovenia   Brinc, Franc 1990HBPrisoners' rights and their protection in the Republic of Slovenia NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Lawn93 rights*$Research report with English summarySlovenia  LjubljanaF Brinc, Franci 1991~x(Demokrati na) Slovenia naj zagotovi zapornikom ve pravic ((Democratic) Slovenia should ensure more rights to prisoners)Penoloski bilten9h 1-2 1-25 rightsSlovenia Brinc, Franci 1991lfPravice zapornikov in njihovo varstvo v Sloveniji (Prisoners' rights and their protection in Slovenia)0)Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijoh421 3-15 rights8Slovenia  Brinc, Franc 19914-Penological aspects of recidivism in Slovenias NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Law95 recidivism*$Research report with English summarySlovenia  Ljubljanaa  Brinc, Franc 1994Capacities of correctional institutions, and living and working conditions (standards) of life for pre-trial detainees and convicts in the Republic of Slovenia NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Law 109*$Research report with English summarySlovenia  Ljubljana.'conditions pretrial detention prisonerso Brinc, Franc 1995zProstorske zmogljivosti in standard kazenskih zavodov (Accomodation capacities and standards of correctional institutions)0)Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijo462n147-159 policyA correctional institution is a sensitive social instituion in which different people with different needs are assembled in a relatively small space. The essential feature of a correctional institution is the compulsory common life of people. Accommodation, sanitary and hygienic standards of the people incarcerated in correctional institutions are set by the state, which demonstrates in this way also its attitude toward inmates and correctional staff. Formulation of accommodation, sanitary and hygienic standards is in the interest of pretrial detainees, inmates, as well as correctional workers, who work in the worst conditions of all state officials. In order to establish the conditions in correctional facilities, questionnaires were completed by 7 correctional institutions, 116 pretrial detainees and 96 prison inmates. Answers indicated that correctional institutions were aware of inadequate accommodation, sanitary and hygienic standards of incarcerated persons and that they were planning to improve the present conditions. In the future, correctional institutions will try to reach 7 square meters of surface and 16 cube meters of volume in cells. According to these norms, Slovenia at present disposes of 1022 places for incarcerated persons in all correctional facilities. Correctional institutions can comply with many of detainees' and inmates' wishes by meeting their basic human needs.Slovenia  Brinc, Franc 1995NGSocial climate in correctional institutions in the Republic of Sloveniat NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Law 112"conditions prisoner societyr*$Research report with English summary  Ljubljana.Dando, Shigemitsun 19914-Shikei haishiron (Abolition of Death penalty)n Tokyos Yuhikaku capital punishment policys JapanDanielsson, Mariah 1995ngStatistics on the prison and probation systems of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden for 1991 and 1992 Norrkoping, Sweden 2+Swedish Prison and Probation Administrationo4.minorities prisoners women statistics/researchb[A report provides statistics on prison and probation systems in the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden for the years 1991 and 1992. The introduction cautions that strict numerical comparability between countries is difficult. Topics include types of prisoners; per capita incarceration rates; yearly intake of sentenced prisoners and probationers; numbers of female prison inmates; proportion of foreign citizens incarcerated; youthful inmates; escapes from prison; staffing; capacity of closed, open, and remand prisons; prison size; and proportional use-rate of prison beds.l0)Sweden Denmark Finland Norway Scandinaviah6/Davies, Malcolm Takala, Jukka Pekka Tryer, Janes 1996voPenological Esperanto and sentencing parochialism: a comparative study of the search for non-prison punishmentse  Aldershot, UK  Dartmouth81probation/parole/alternatives statistics/research tnA cross-cultural study compares the use of community-based sentences in California, England and Finland. Data were obtained from focus group discussions with criminal justice officials (N=73 in California; N=58 in UK; and N=38 in Finland). While there was universalistic convergence with respect to the modes of punishment, local factors determined the distribution of punishment, or the way in which these sanctions were used in practice. Thus, California officials felt that community sanctions held little potential for replacing incarceration on a large scale. Respondents in Finland, which was experiencing a long decline in prison population, were more optimistic about using community sanctions as an incarceration alternative. Subjects in the U.K. and U.S. evidenced a long history of distrust toward the traditionally "soft" rehabilitative focus of community sanctions.*$Finland United Kingdom United Statesde Borst, Erik J.  1992RKComment: Professionalism and loyalty in the implementation of prison policy,%International Criminal Justice Review27119-128 staffeAn essay explores issues raised by conflicts between staff members' professional ethics and their cooperation in enforcing prison policy. These issues have arisen because of increased use of professional staff members, such as social workers, medical personnel, social service specialists and others, in high-security prisons in the Netherlands since 1990. Policymakers at both the central government and local levels are attempting to cope with the conflict between loyalty and professionalism. In consultation with the professional staff, policymakers at a central ministerial level should develop a framework within which a response to local circumstances and demands could be allowed. The authority to depart from general policy at the local level should also be allowed at the national level. Professional prison social officers, like front-line social workers, should also be allowed freedom to adequately respond to the differences among prisoners, and to changing needs and circumstances. NetherlandstDe Tavira, Juan Pablos 199660Why Almoyola? Analysis of a correctional project Col. Del Valle, Mexico Editorial Diana.'history prisoner society security staffd]A prison administrator surveys the last 25 years of Mexican correctional history, with particular attention to prison gangs, violence, drug trafficking, corruption of correctional officers and other enduring problems. His reasons for designing the correctional facility at Almoloya are explained, and a history of this model institution is provided.a MexicoDeaglio, Enricob 1995^WRapporto degli ispettori europei sullo stato delle carceri in Italia: Che vale anche dai Palermo Sellerio prisoners ItalyC<^;:98 Kangaspunta, Kristiina 1995HACrime and criminal justice in Europe and North America, 1986-1990+ Publication Series No. 25i Helsinki, Finland4 ^WEuropean Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nationsvstatistics/researchmProvides analysis of data from the Fourth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends (1986-1990) including prison population figures.~Global Kangaspunta, Kristiina 1995F@Profiles of criminal justice systems in Europe and North America Publication Series No. 26f Helsinki, Finland3 ^WEuropean Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nationss,&statistics/research system descriptionZTContains brief descriptions of European and North American criminal justice systems.B7Central & Eastern Europe England & Wales Western Europe Council of Europe, 1990Education in prison: Recommendation No. R 89 12, adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on 13 October 1989 and explanatory memorandumi  Strasbourg Council of Europe education policy~GlobalCCouncil of Europe, 1994RLRights of persons deprived of their liberty: Equality and non-discrimination  Strasbourg Council of Europe pretrial detention rights~Global Council of Europe, 1995`YPrison and criminological aspects of the control of transmissible diseases including Aids  Strasbourg Council of Europe health~GlobalGCouncil of Europe, 1995LEHuman rights in prison: The professional training of prison officialsi  Strasbourg Council of Europe  rights staff~GlobaldCourtemanche, AndreP 1997.(Pieges et deontologie en milieu carceral Montreal Meridien Canada.(Cregan, Jan Kippax, Susan Crawford, June 1996RLSex, contagion, control: prison officers vs condoms in New South Wales gaolsNHAustralian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 29, (3), pp. 227 246. health staffA review explores the history of HIV/AIDS policy in the New South Wales (AUS) Department of Corrective Services, along with related struggles between the department and its custodial officers. Three major themes--sex, contagion and control--are fundamental to prison officers' anti-condom position. The political and economic conditions that are conducive to the spread of HIV/AIDS, or that obstruct its prevention, are the industrial, political and moral agendas of all participants. AustralianPICuevas Sosa, Andres Alejandro Mendieta Dimas, Rosario Salazar Cruz, Elviai 19922,La mujer delincuente: Bajo la ley del hombre  Mexico, D.F. Editorial Pax Mexico womene Mexico"D'Almeida, Noely Manfredinia 199360Em duplo estigma: O menor dos moleques do Brasil Rio de Janeiro Qualitymark Editorahealth prisoners BrazilDadie, Bernard Binlinc 1981Carnet de prison Abidjana Ceda prisoners- Cote d'Ivoireg Damousi, Joy 1997ZTDepraved and disorderly: female convicts, sexuality and gender in Colonial Australia Cambridge, England Cambridge University Presshistory prisoners women2 Australia$ner 1988NGThe social effects of imprisonment on male prisoners and their familiest  Wellington 4-Institute of CriminoDealing with . . . , 1984("Dealing with prisoners' grievances$British Journal of Criminology242e 15-167 rightsIn Sweden, Denmark, and England, existing mechanisms for dealing with prisoners' complaints seem unsatisfactory. Internal mechanisms are not independent and so may not be regarded as fair by the aggrieved prisoner. They may be dealt with more from the standpoint of upholding authority than from achieving a fair result. Bureaucratic or peer group concerns may take priority over the merits of the case. External mechanisms may not be sufficiently accessible to prisoners, either through direct restriction such as the requirement that internal remedies be pursued first, or limitations on the jurisdiction of the external body or through indirect restriction, such as the expense of taking proceedings or difficulty in obtaining information on which to base an action. Even where procedures are utilized, the remedies available may be inappropriate or insufficient, such as an apology rather than monetary compensation or an unduly limited change in practice. However, the most important limitation on a prisoner obtaining redress is the reluctance of the external body to grant it. Such reluctance is apparent in all three countries; for example, it is seen in the extremely low success rate of prisoners' cases in Sweden, and in the difficulty of invoking the courts' jurisdiction in England and Denmark. Behind such reluctance there seems to be the view that the prison authorities are experts whose decisions should not be upset by non-experts.$Denmark England & Wales SwedenDeane, Heather 1988NGThe social effects of imprisonment on male prisoners and their familiest  Wellington 4-Institute of Criminology, Victoria University*$prisoners treatment program visiting60A study conducted in New Zealand examines the social effects of imprisonment on male prisoners and their families from their own viewpoints. Interviews were conducted with 89 sentenced medium-term inmates and the family members they designated as closest to them. Many of the families had difficulty at the court stage, possibly because 29 of them had no previous custodial experience and were uninformed of the procedures to be followed at the time of sentencing. These families were both confused and upset, with no one to tell them where their relative would be placed, when they could see him and where they could go for social welfare assistance or counseling. In almost all cases, the women with children experienced financial strain that affected the frequency of visiting and created other worries. In more than half of all cases, the extended family was supportive both monetarily and emotionally. However, support usually diminished if the men continued to reoffend. Family members indicated that PARS, the major organization established to assist prisoners and their families, was active in each of the prisons. Yet direct help to families was provided in a primarily ad hoc fashion. Steps are outlined for improving services and assistance for prisoners' families and for facilitating prison visiting and home leave. New Zealand4-Degani, Miriam Gorla, Aldo Mastinu, Angelo A.x 1982NHRecinti macchine ed altri disegni: Spazio e territorio delle istituzioni Milano Unicopliarchitecture historyWestern Europe" "Duffield, Ian Bradley, James 1997PJRepresenting convicts: new perspectives on convict forced labour migration London Leicester University Presshistory prisoners2 Australia England & Wales Duguid, Stephen 1990.'Yearbook of correctional education 1990 Burnaby, Canadal <5Simon Fraser University, Institute for the Humanities"education treatment programe The latest edition of the "Yearbook of Correctional Education" features articles on: research, teaching and analysis; current issues (prison education, curriculum considerations for the incarcerated handicapped learner, evaluation); programming (staff development, day detention, education in the community); current research as an emerging discipline; and the international scene (prison education and vocational training in Australia, Austria, England, France, Hong Kong, Ireland, Northern Ireland and Sri Lanka). TMAustralia Austria England France Hong Kong Ireland Northern Ireland Sri Lanka &Duguid, Stephen Fox, Tricia A.l 1998 Prison education in Canada@:Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 27, (1/2), pp. 87 121.27 1/2 87-121 educationA special section of the journal comprises 2 papers on prisoner education in Canada. Stephen Duguid et al. present positive results from a 3-year study of the impact on recidivism of post-secondary education in the British Columbia federal prisons. Tricia A. Fox describes the use of adult education principles and practices advocated by Knowles (1980) in the Adult Basic Education and General Educational Development classes of a Canadian federal institution. CanadaDunkel, F. Vagg, J.g 1994Waiting for triale $Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany LEMax Planck Institute fur Auslandisches und Internationales Strafrecht 2The seminar had three primary objectives: to gather information on how untried persons are treated in different countries; to consider how the empirical differences that emerged could be explained; and to delineate the legal, administrative, and organizational arrangements that would best fulfill international human rights standards. The 11 broad topic areas addressed by these papers include police powers to detain suspects prior to their being charged or brought before a court; rights and discretionary powers of suspects placed in this type of police custody; exceptional police powers to detain allegedly dangerous categories of suspects; accountability mechanisms; the decisionmaking apparatus; trends in the use of custody and bail; the legal, administrative, and organizational arrangements and responsibilities for pretrial and presentence custody; the rights of pretrial and presentence prisoners compared to sentenced inmates; conditions in custody; special provisions for minority categories of pretrial and presentence prisoners; and initiatives to increase the use of bail and reduce the use of pretrial and presentence custody. The countries covered in these two volumes include Belgium, Denmark, Germany, England and Wales, France, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Central and South America, Columbia/ Peru/Bolivia (with special reference to drug and terrorist legislation), Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Russia, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, South Africa, Czech Republic, Turkey, Hungary, the U.S., and the People's Republic of China. Two additional chapters cover the perspectives on these issues of the United Nations and the Quaker Council of European Affairs.Belgium Denmark Germany England and Wales France Greece Hong Kong India Central America South America Columbia Peru Bolivia Netherlands Austria Poland Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland Spain South Africa Czech Republic Turkey Hungary United States China*$conditions pretrial detention rights 8 Dornik, Marko 1988`ZMo ali nemo skupinske terapije v zaporu (Strength and weakness of group therapy in prison)Penoloski bilten6n 1-2 5-16treatment programSlovenia& Doyle, Aaron Ericson, Richard V. 1996F@Breaking into prison: News sources and correctional institutions&Canadian Journal of Criminology-382155-190 mediaiA study examines how news of prisons is produced in Canada. Data were collected from: 18 interviews with corrections officials, alternative news sources and media workers; review of the literature; and from prison news stories. Correctional authorities recognize that they cannot exert strict control over prison news. These officials are only intermittently successful in managing news coverage of prisons because journalists have access to a variety of alternative, critical news sources, including anonymous officials, guards, inmates and non-governmental organizations. Moreover, corrections officials are often in the position of controlling damage from "bad news" from other sources. The Kingston-Whig Standard has maintained a high standard of critical coverage of prison despite a sometimes difficult relationship with correctional authorities. Overall, the news media are more open, diverse, and pluralistic in their coverage of criminal justice than is contended by some dominant ideology theorists.e Canada <6Duff, Anthony Marshall, Sandra Dobash, Rebecca Emerson 1994NGPenal theory and practice: Tradition and innovation in criminal justice  Manchester "Manchester University Pressadministration policy2,Proceedings of a Fulbright Colloquium held in 1992 examine the crisis in penal policy and the relationship of sanctions to crime in the U.K. and the U.S. The goals and prospects of sentencing reform and proportionality are discussed by Andrew von Hirsch, with particular reference to the British Criminal Justice Act of 1991. Michael Cavadino characterizes the penal crisis in the U.K. as both a material crisis of resources and an ideological crisis of legitimacy. Michael Tonry argues against a strong proportionality approach as likely to cause injustice and impede the development of intermediate sanctions. Ian Brownlee's response defends a distribution of punishments based on strong proportionality. Paul H. Robinson discusses the tension between punishment based on desert versus crime control, and outlines a sentencing system that may satisfy both desert and crime prevention goals. Hans Toch's essay on prison policy in the 1990s proposes sanctions that would be responsive to public opinions and preferences. Rod Morgan advocates a more prescriptive statutory framework, with an active judiciary to ensure the provision of decent prison conditions. The concept of a customer-focused prison service in Scotland is elaborated by Ed Wozniak. Bill McWilliams describes the changing aims of the English probation system. Gill McIvor reviews progress and prospects for community service in the U.K. The use of fines is analyzed by Peter Young. Marjory D. Fields assesses criminal justice responses to domestic abuse. David Morran and Monica Wilson describe an innovative criminal justice response to domestic violence in Scotland. James Dignan discusses the potential role of reintegration through reparation in a restorative criminal justice system in the U.K. Tony F. Marshall describes grassroots initiatives aimed at restorative justice. Joe Sim documents the history of and British perspective on abolishing penal institutions. Andrew Rutherford suggests a number of questions concerning the effects of abolitionism in Great Britain. Barbara A. Hudson discusses punishing the poor."United Kingdom United StatesDunkel, Frieder 1995d^Imprisonment in transition: The situation in the new states of the Federal Republic of Germany$British Journal of Criminology351 95-113administrationAn essay and review describes the situation of the prison system in the new federal states of Germany after the reunification in 1990. The prison administration in Germany is decentralized: I.e., the 5 new federal states are responsible for establishing a new structure for prison staff, buildings and regimes. The transfer of staff members from West to East Germany led to a transfer of different prison styles based on the regimes in the old states. Further complicating the matter is the difficulty of implementing the West German approach of social welfare and the treatment philosophy of the Prison Act of 1977, for which the prison staff of the former German Democratic Republic is unprepared. The main concern of East German authorities is security rather than facility improvement.yGermanye&East Timor Human Rights Centre, 1997@:Human rights violations at Becora Prison, Dili, East Timor  Fitzroy, Vic. $East Timor Human Rights Centre rights IndonesiaEasteal, Patricia Weiser 1992B8Breaking the rules: women in prison and feminist therapyWomen & therapy Binghamton, N.Y.  Haworth Press9204$treatment program women health United StateslHarding, Richard 1992("Current Issues in Criminal Justice41 9-27 privatizationA review assesses the prison privatization experiences of the U.S., the U.K., a previous unsuccessful initiative in Australia at Tallong Prison and a program currently operating at Australia's private Borallon Prison. The main problems are: incarceration and penal policies being driven by private profit motivations; private imprisonment being beyond the reach of public accountability; creation of a dual standard--public system squalor, private system affluence; and the allocation of punishment as opposed to its administration de facto becoming a private matter. On the basis of present legislation and the practical arrangement at the Borallon prison, it is concluded that privatization can readily finesse all of these problems. Moreover, successful privatization can act as a catalyst for improvements in the public prison system. Private prisons are likely to become established as a small but significant part of the total Australian imprisonment system.,&Australia United Kingdom United States@:Prison privatization in Australia: A glimpse of the futureHarding, Richard W.h 1992"Private prisons in Australia6/Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justicen36 1-79 privatizationaA review of prison privatization in Australia suggests that contract management by private operators has a useful place in the corrections system. The impact of privatization has been positive on costs, conditions and prisoner programs, and has resulted in a less introverted prison system as middle and senior managers respond to competition. The main pitfalls have been avoided, while the act of drawing up a management contract compels public authorities to clarify their objectives. Australia.F@Harding, Richard W. Birtles, Terry B. Kuhn, Andre Miller, Eugene 1995NHCriminal justice profiles of Asia: Investigation, prosecution, and trial$British Journal of Criminology351h 34-62i4.policy privatization statistics/research womenzsAn anthology profiles the criminal justice systems of 12 Asian countries. The police, prosecutors, courts, criminal justice process, trial process, types of punishment, and prison population are described in: Australia (by Satyanshu Kumar Mukherjee); China (Guo Jianan and Wang Lixian); India (Satish Sahney); Indonesia (Adi Andojo Soetjipto); Japan (Kunihiro Horiuchi); Malaysia (Dato' Dr. Visu Sinnadurai); Pakistan (Muhammad Shoaib Suddle); Philippines (Ramon Mabutas, Jr.); Republic of Korea (Moon Young-Ho); Singapore (Daniel Koh); Sri Lanka (Kolitha Dharmawardena); and Thailand (Kanit Nanakorn and Kittipong Kittayarak).o~Global  Abeba1992 Adams1994 Adeyemi1994 AFL-CIO19973-Agencia Espanola de Cooperacion Internacional1991 Aguirre1996 Aguirre1996 Ahmad1997 Akers1977  Akerstrom1986 al1992! Alata1976Albrecht1989" Alexander1994# Alkayam1988$ Amato1990%+%American Association of Law Libraries1990&+%American Association of Law Libraries1991''!American Correctional Association1981('!American Correctional Association1983'!American Correctional Association1997'!American Correctional Association1997'!American Correctional Association1998)Americas Watch1990*Americas Watch1993Americas Watch Committee1990+Amnesty International1983,Amnesty International1984-Amnesty International1984.Amnesty International1986/Amnesty International19870Amnesty International19871Amnesty International19882Amnesty International19883Amnesty International19884Amnesty International19885Amnesty International19886Amnesty International19897Amnesty International19898Amnesty International19909Amnesty International1990:Amnesty International1990;Amnesty International1990<Amnesty International1990=Amnesty International1991>Amnesty International1991?Amnesty International1991@Amnesty International1991AAmnesty International1991BAmnesty International1991CAmnesty International1991DAmnesty International1991EAmnesty International1992FAmnesty International1992GAmnesty International1992HAmnesty International1992IAmnesty International1992JAmnesty International1993KAmnesty International1993LAmnesty International1993MAmnesty International1993NAmnesty International1994OAmnesty International1994PAmnesty International1994QAmnesty International1995RAmnesty International1995SAmnesty International1995TAmnesty International1995UAmnesty International1995VAmnesty International1995WAmnesty International1995XAmnesty International1995YAmnesty International1996ZAmnesty International1997Amoretti1996 !Andean Information Network1996BAnderson1996Anderson1998 Anderson1998[Anyidoho1997\ Arbour1996Ardaya Salinas1997]Arenal de Garcia Carrasco1993^Arguello1991_ Arnao1990` Aron1991aArroyo Gutierrez1995b Arroyo Munoz1987c' Asia Crime Prevention Foundation1990d Asia Watch1991e Asia Watch1995 Austin1997f%Australia Law Reform Commission1988gC7Early release of Israeli prisoners: Failure or success? S. Giora Shohamu$Israel Studies in Criminology Dobbs Ferry, NY Sheridan House VII178-195"release statistics/researchnA study assesses the validity of early release in Israel, analyzing data on 468 prisoners granted early release in 1971 and a group of 199 prisoners who were not released early. The early releasees' recidivism rate was 75.4% after 5 years. All experts used as predictors of releasee recidivism -- a prison warden, a social worker, and a representative of the attorney general, as well as the early release committee -- had high error rates. Although statistical studies showed the existence of variables that could aid the decision making process, each expert and the committee used different factors, none of which was statistically significant, and many of which were totally irrelevant.e Israel.^ Helsinki Watch Committee,  1989*#Prison conditions in Czechoslovakia1 New York Human Rights Watchconditions historyA report on Czechoslavakian prisons and jails is based on interviews in Prague with ex-inmates, responses by ex-inmates to questionnaires and other data. Czech prisons and jails are exceptionally inhumane. Inmates are often packed into overcrowded, stuffy, filthy, dark cells that are either too hot or too cold. Guards brutally abuse inmates, both physically and verbally. Medical care is grossly inadequate, and food is usually meager, tasteless and poor in nutrition. Perhaps the most distinctive aspect of the prison system is its economic exploitation of the prisoner. Inmates are treated like slave labor, often placed in dangerously unhealthy and unsafe working conditions at minimal wages in order to produce goods for hard currency export and domestic consumption. The prison system violates international standards as well as the principles in Czechoslovakian law, and there is no sign that improvement is likely.c("Czech Republic (as Czechoslovakia)$Helsinki Watch Prison Project, 1992.'Prison conditions in the United KingdomC New York Human Rights Watch("statistics/research visiting womenRKA report describes prison conditions in the 3 separate prison services of the United Kingdom: England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Topics cover such issues as prison populations; activities and programs; physical characteristics; visits; drug abuse and health issues; women's prisons; racism; visits; and other areas.r0)England & Wales Northern Ireland Scotland Herrero Herrero, Cesar 1989@:La justicia penal espanola en la crisis del poder absoluto Madrid RKMinisterio de Justicia, Secretaria General Tecnica, Centro de Publicacionesosystem description SpaintHerzog-Evans, Martine 1998JDLa gestion du comportement du daetenu: essai de droit paenitentiaire Parisa  L'Harmattan82prisoners policy administration system description FranceHirsch, Adam J.i 1992LEThe rise of the penitentiary: Prisons and punishment in early America  New Haven Yale University PresshistoryA study of the development of incarceration in America challenges the belief that the roots of the penitentiary are to be found in Enlightenment thought. Data were analyzed primarily from Massachusetts archival records. It is simplistic to think that prisons were promoted to reform criminals and abandon public, corporal punishment used in colonial times. The ideology of incarceration did not progress from deterrence to rehabilitation; the ideology stems from pre-Enlightenment, pre-colonial sixteenth century England. The social reality of rampant crime, industrialization and urbanization, and population mobility in nineteenth century America influenced the adoption of incarceration. Jacksonian-era criminologists, who purportedly sought to rehabilitate and reform criminals, were more practical-minded and less idealistic than has been suggested. The appeal of the prison to legislators was not the moral or ideological appeal of human perfectibility, but its potential for necessary change in a time of social crisis. United Statesr! XIndermaur, David 1994*$Offenders' perceptions of sentencingAustralian Psychologists292140-144s$prisoners statistics/research A study compares offenders' views on sentencing with those of judges and of the general public in Australia. Data were derived from interviews conducted in 1992 with 40 prisoners and 13 offenders serving non-custodial orders, in 1989 with 550 Perth residents, and in 1989 and 1990 with 17 judges in Western Australia. While rehabilitation is favored by offenders and judges, it has fallen out of favor with the general public. About half of offenders did not feel guilty about any of the offenses they had committed. Many offenders apparently continue to view themselves as victims and feel hostile toward the criminal justice system for "persecuting" them. Until a meaningful intervention system or dialogue can be established, sentencing is likely to remain ineffective. Australiae<5Institut des Hautes Etudes de la Securite Interieure,v 1998VPPrisons en societe: les conditions de la detention: Quel sens donner a la peine?>8Les Cahiers de la securite interieure, Nr. 31. 1150-1634 Paris :4Institut des Hautes Etudes de la Securite Interieure*#system description prisoner societyy France$Institute for Policy Studies,  1988Social Justice152b 55-62labor treatment programa&From February 26 to March 5, 1988, board members of the Institute for Policy Studies in Washington, DC led a delegation to conduct an inquiry into prison conditions in Cuba. The delegation visited 6 prisons and a work camp, conducting confidential interviews with more than 120 prisoners. Re-education for the purpose of reintegration into civilian life is the central principle of the Cuban penal system. This leads to employment of 85 costs are covered by inmates' work products. Almost all prisoners are paid at the same rate as civilians, with a 35% discount for living costs. Regular prison facilities appear clean, prisoners voiced no complaints of torture, and no complaints were heard about violence among inmates. However, those who resist re-education or violate prison discipline are confined for extended periods, sometimes in extremely harsh punishment cells. Prisoners in protection cells who do not work have only slightly better facilities than those in the punishment cells, and they go outside only once or twice a week for an hour or 2. In 2 prisons, the delegation heard complaints that prisoners who do not conform to the prison regime had been beaten. The Cuban prison system is made very hard by the prevalence of long sentences. With a low crime rate, but 32,000 inmates in prisons and detention centers, the rate of imprisonment (320 per 100,000) indicates extraordinarily long sentences. Cuba has recognized that its sentences are prolonged, and is releasing prisoners on parole, eliminating crimes in the penal code, and reducing sentences.m Cuba*#Cuban prisons: A preliminary reporta*#Internal Audit and Evaluation Unit, 19944-The system for inmate security classification Wellington, New Zealand Department of Justice Report [?]classification New Zealand 81International Centre for the Prevention of Crime,y 1997\UCrime Prevention Digest 1997: successes, benefits and directions from seven countries Montreal 60International Centre for the Prevention of Crime,%statistics/research treatment programb A review summarizes what is known about the successes and economic benefits of, and trends in, crime prevention activities worldwide. Programs in Australia, Belgium, Canada, England and Wales, France, the Netherlands and the U.S. are described. Several different types of project have produced crime reductions. Often, successes result from partnerships involving diverse agencies. The costs of crime prevention projects usually are lower than their benefits, and the projects are generally more cost-effective than prisons or probation.uPIAustralia Belgium Canada England & Wales France Netherlands United States1"Irwin, John Cressey, Donald 19622+Thieves, convicts and the inmate subcultureSocial Problems10142-155prisoner society United States '&%d$#" Irwin, John Austin, John 19974-It's about time: America's imprisonment binge2nd ed."conditions policy prisoners United States>8Isralowitz, Richard E. Telias, Darwin Zighelbaum, Yaavov 1992LEInternational Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminologyo361, 63-73,,%statistics/research treatment programlA study conducted in Israel tests a status model of heroin addiction by examining the hypothesis that the level of service/treatment, i.e., prison or community-based treatment, is associated with the psychological characteristics of heroin addicts. The sample consisted of: (1) 35 heroin addicts imprisoned for drug offenses and assigned to a specialized ward for treatment; (2) 22 heroin addicts self-referred to a community outpatient drug treatment program; and (3) 35 non-drug-using individuals whose socioeconomic status characteristics were similar to those of the heroin addicts. Data were gathered from a questionnaire. The psychological characteristics of the prisoners were no more negative--and in some cases more positive--than those of the other 2 groups. This finding is somewhat surprising considering the negative status associated with those assigned to prison--a placement of last resort--but understandable considering the controlling effect prison may have on addicts' attitudes and behavior. Imprisoned addicts, more than those in the community-based treatment program, tended to attitudinally reject illegal drug use and pleasure-seeking experiences, e.g., altered states of consciousness.x IsraeltmHeroin addiction in Israel: A comparison of addicts in prison, community-based facilities, and non-drug users.Jackson, Moana 1987-1988VPThe Maori and the criminal justice system: A new perspective = He whaipaanga hou Wellington, New Zealand :3Policy and Research Division, Department of Justicej"indigenous people minorities New Zealandu Jacobs, J. B. 19772,Stateville: The penitentiary in mass society Chicago "University of Chicago Presseprisoner society United StatesJacobson-Hardy, Michael 1998NHBehind the razor wire: portrait of a contemporary American prison system New York University Presssystem description United Statesl D>Jaradat, Mohammad Honig-Parnass, Tikva Gassner-Jaradat, Ingrid 1992  Jerusalemn $Alternative Information Centerprisoners typess IsraelHebron Prison, a view from inside: A comprehensive report on the conditions in the regular sections and the general security services' interrogation section based on prisoners' reportlJensen, Henrik G. 1996$Criminal justice in Greenlande Burnabyl 81Northern Justice Society, Simon Fraser University*$indigenous people system descriptionAn essay describes Greenland's criminal justice system in historical perspective. In the last several years, the criminal code has been criticized for its leniency; examples of court practice illustrate the sources of this critique. Schools, social services, the police and the prison services formally cooperate with one another in their attempts to prevent crime. Aboriginal spokespeople in North America have cited Greenland's administration of justice model as an alternative to the justice systems of the U.S. and Canada.Denmark (Greenland)SJinesta, Ricardo 1940.(La evolucion penitenciaria en Costa Rica San Jose, C.R. Imprenta Falco hermanoshistory- Costa RicaJohnson, Elmer H.a 1991HAInternational Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice151 1-14types conditions women A review compares the treatment of female offenders in Japan and the U.S. Although modification of the female status is only beginning in Japan, changes in public policy are reflected in the increasing number of incarcerated women, which, in turn, is stimulating increasing recognition of their distinctive qualities and behaviors. The differences between the sexes in prison characteristics stem partly from Japan's priority on dispositional options other than imprisonment. The priority also helps explain the divergence between Japanese and American prisoners in basic characteristics. Changes in Japan's public policy have also brought a sharp increase in the number of both sexes admitted for stimulant drug offenses, though the impact has been greatest on women's prisons.Japan United Statesg60Women's prisons in Japan: A comparative analysisfRed4.Walker, John Hallinan, Jennifer Dagger, Dianne 1992LEAustralian prisoners 1991: Results of the 1991 National Prison Census Canberra *#Australian Institute of Criminologya,%indigenous people statistics/researchThe 1991 Australian National Prison Census collected data on the characteristics of 15,021 inmates in custody on June 30. The total prison population increased by 715 (5%) during 1990-91, with New South Wales (+736) and South Australia (+111) leading the way. By contrast, the Queensland prison population fell by 202 inmates, due mainly to diversion of minor offenders to sentences served in the community. The proportion of Aboriginal inmates increased in most jurisdictions, and they were still 18 times more likely to be imprisoned than non-Aboriginals. There was no major change in the offenses for which inmates were on remand or serving sentences. Australiao Walker, John Salloom, Sue 1993TMAustralian prisoners 1992: Results of the National Prison Census 30 June 19920 Canberra *#Australian Institute of Criminologytstatistics/researchoThe eleventh annual national prison census in Australia counts all convicted and unconvicted persons held in adult correctional institutions on June 30, 1992. Tabular data are presented on: prisoners numbers by sex and jurisdiction; cross-tabulations by most serious offense; interstate comparisons by legal status and sentence length; and summary of key trends 1983-1992. The estimated daily average number of prisoners increased from 9,829 in 1982-83 to 14,188 in 1991-92. AustraliaiWalker, Jackie 1998& 1998 AIDS in prison bibliography Washington, D.C. NHNational Prison Project of the American Civil Liberties Union Foundation health United Statesy  Walmsley, Roy 1995F@Developments in the prison systems of Central and Eastern Europe Helsink, Finland :3European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control 1995 HEUNI Paper  No. 4\Uadministration health policy statistics/research system description treatment programFocuses on developments in the prison system of central and eastern Europe. Considers current problems and possibilities for reform.Albania Belarus Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Moldova Poland Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Ukraine/*.- Josi, Don A. 1998`YThe changing career of the correctional officer: policy implications for the 21st centuryK  Boston, MA Butterworth-Heinemann staff United States Joutsen, Matti 1984>7Solitary confinement in Finnish prisons (English title)y Helsinki Oikeuspoliittisen1 discipline2,The study on the use of solitary confinement in Finnish prisons is part of an international comparative project coordinated by the International Centre for Comparative Criminology, Amnesty International and the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, in Belgium. The study notes that some 10,000 offenders are sentenced to unconditional imprisonment each year, with the median sentence being about 4-months. In August 1982, 211 prisoners were in solitary confinement in ten different prisons. The over-all rate of segregation in Finnish prisons was 5.1%. The longitudinal study noted 875 prisoners who have been given disciplinary solitary confinement during the first half of 1982. The Finnish Prison Administration Department considers the use of solitary confinement necessary in Finland, where many of the prisons are old, and the average prisoner is becoming more unmanageable. Finland has one of the highest prison populations per capita in Europe. The study concludes that consideration should be taken of the possibility of ensuring uniform practice in all Finnish prisons, and of controlling the discretion of the prison governors. The study notes that, while it is important to regulate the basis for segregation in the manner suggested by a.government bill, attention should also be paid to the conditions of segregation.FinlandnJoutsen, Matti 19912+Criminal justice systems in Europe: Albania\ Helsinki, Finlandi ^WHelsinki Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nationsosystem descriptionThis description of Albania's criminal justice system includes a very brief (one page) comment on sentencing and aspects of the prison system.AlbaniarJoutsen, Matti 19952+Criminal justice systems in Europe: Finland Helsinki ^WEuropean Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations,&statistics/research system description2,A review introduces the criminal justice system of Finland, including the criminal law, policing, court proceedings, sentencing, prisons and other topics. The general level of punishment has declined in Finland. The median sentence of imprisonment for all offenses has dropped from 7.6 months in 1950 to 3.0 months in 1990. The daily average prison population decreased from almost 5,600 in 1976 to slightly below 3,200 in 1993. However, Finland continues to be the Nordic country with the most numerous and longest unconditional sentences of imprisonment.Finlandn*Mohanty, Samarendra  1990  New Delhiy Ashish Publishing$prisoners statistics/researchrA study describes a sample of 1,170 convicted prisoners who were interviewed in 13 district jails in the State of Orissa, India. The resulting "crime/convict profile" highlights the incidence of different types of crimes in Orissa for the years 1971 and 1981; presents an overview of the pattern and intensity of crimes prevalent in Orissa, comparing them with national criminal statistics of India; includes comprehensive data about the socioeconomic backgrounds of Orissa convicts; examines the social situations that stimulated individual development of criminal behavior; and analyzes the role of prison resocialization and rehabilitation of the convicts. The primary premise, that criminal activity is the outcome of frustrating social situations, was supported by the findings. Friends, occupational colleagues, family members, personal problems, and inadvertent accidental associations, were the primary factors prompting the majority of respondents to commit the crimes for which they were incarcerated. Although 90% of respondents came from "complete" families, most believed that failure to adjust to the family's economic crisis and/or dysfunctional interfamilial dynamics was a primary reason for involvement in criminal activities. India <5Crime and criminals in India: A socio-economic survey ("Mohanty, Amarendra Hazary, Narayan 1990Indian prison systems:  New Delhii Ashish Pub. Housey.'administration system description typesd Indiad Monard, E. 1967*$Le travail penitentiaire en Belgique0*Bulletin de l'Administration Penitentiaire212107-121 history labortnThis brief history of prison work in Belgium distinguishes three principle stages in its development: (1) the period prior to the separation of inmates in cells (up to 1750); (2) prison work in the period of the separation of inmates in cells; (3) the Auburn system of separation of inmates at night and community work during the day; and (4) prison work at the present time. Future prison work should be organized on the basis of the principles that the incarcerated individual retains a moral right to dignified work which should increase his economic usefulness so that he may make an occupational choice when released.BelgiumaMontgomery, Reid H. 1998f`A history of correctional violence: an examination of reported causes of riots and disturbances  Lanham, Md & American Correctional Associates riotsn United StatesaMora Mora, Juan Jesusn 1991,&Diagnostico de las prisiones en Mexico  Mexico, DF ,%Comision Nacional de Derechos Humanosopolicy prisoners rightst Mexico Morgan, R. 1991England and Wales "van Zyl Smit, D. Dunkel, F.&Imprisonment today and tomorrow Deventer, The Netherlands Kluwer161-202 rights system descriptioneEngland & Walesf>"= Kercher, Leonard C. 198182The Kenya penal system: Past, present and prospect "University Press of Americac Washington, DC history system description ^ XTribal societies in precolonial Africa used punishment to control deviance. The various sanctions used in recent historical time by traditional East African societies against offenders include (1) reconcilia- between the offender and his victim and between their respective families, (2) restitution of property stolen or destroyed, (3) compensation to the victim and his family by the offender and his reference group, (4) compensation to the tribal community as a whole (a sanction comparable to a fine), (5) corporal punishment, sometimes including mutilation, beating, and torture, usually limited to very serious offenses, (6) capital punishment, limited in most societies to offenses of extreme gravity (e.g., witchcraft, but not usually homicide), (7) social ostracism and public ridicule, (8) religious sanctions (e.g., repudiation by elders through issuance of a formal curse to protect the tribe from the anger of the spirits), and (9) expulsion of the offender (a form of outlawry from the community). Officially, colonial prisons in Kenya date from the time Kenya became a British protectorate in 1895. By 1911, when the Prisons Service became autonomous under a separate prisons board, there were already 30 prisons in existence. The prison system consisted of 143 facilities 79 ordinary detention camps and 64 prisons and prison camps when the colonial era in Kenya officially came to an end on December 12, 1963. As of December 1977, Kenya's prison system consisted of 78 facilities classified as principal prisons, maximum security prisons, medium security prisons, minimum security and short-sentence prisons, district prisons, farm prisons, women's prisons, remand prisons, reception/allocation prisons, youth training institutions, and young male prisoners' facilities. The annual prison commitment rates during the colonial period ranged from 13,928 in 1931, to 32,378 in 1951, to 74,202 in 1963, reflecting political uprisings and crises. Following the colonial period, the prison population decreased to 71,916 in 1964, increased to 112,738 in 1971 and 147,132 in 1976, and decreased to 116,683 in 1978. While imprisonment has been widely used in sanctioning convicted offenders in Kenya, as well as in East Africa generally, several alternativ- to imprisonment have been available, including discharge (absolute or conditional); suspended sentences; probation; fines; reconciliation, restitution, or compensation; detention camps; and extramural penal employment. Historically correlating various political periods to the different correctional policies and systems in Kenya from the beginning of the colonial period to the present, this field study also examines characterist- ics of offenders and inmates in Kenya, various components of Kenya's criminal justice and correctional systems, the effectiveness of imprisonment, and trends in correctional policy and programs in Kenya. Kenya6/Kerezov, Stefan Dimikh, Diana Mikhailov, StankoK 1991`YV kiliite na TSentralniia zatvor: Zhivot i prestupleniia na nai-belezhitite zatvornitsi vt Sofiia HAIzd-vo "Planeta-7": Universitetsko izd-vo "Sv. Kliment Okhridski"nsystem description typesBulgaria~@Mikhailov, V. I. 1997rkProblemy deiatel?nosti ispravitel?nykh uchrezhdenii i osnovnye napravleniia ikh reorganizatsii: monografiiac Ufa ,&Ufimskii iuridicheskii in-t MVD Rossiiadministration RussiaMiller, Eugene 1991 Adult detention in Vienna American Jails52 85-90system descriptionAn essay exploring corrections in Vienna, Austria is based on the author's 1990 visit to jails and prisons in eastern and central Europe as part of an American Correctional Association delegation. Administrators and staff in the city's correctional facilities appear to be well-qualified, highly trained and professional. All correctional and detention services are administered by 1 agency--the Federal Ministry of Justice. An extensive building program during the past decade has modernized the physical plants and brought Austria into compliance with prevailing Council of Europe standards. Theft in Vienna rose 400% during the first 9 months of 1990, largely due to the disintegration of the Iron Curtain. This development is reflected in the size and makeup of the population of Vienna's main jail, the Gray House. Despite overcrowding, the facility provides a broad range of social services to both inmates and their families.Austria.Miller, Eugene 1998Prisons in South AfricaAmerican JailsJan/Feb 31-37csystem description South Africa Milner, Alan 1969African penal systemss London Routledge & Kegan Paul history system descriptionXQThis book explores the problems of African criminology, administration of justice, and corrections. The 16 contributors are sociologists, lawyers, and psychiatrists and each is an authority on some aspect of African penal problems. The first part gives a general survey of the penal systems of the following countries: The Congo Democratic Republic, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Lesotho, Botswana, Swaziland, Liberia, Portuguese Africa, the United Arab Republic, and Zambia. Part two contains the following six specialized contributions on various detailed problems in the development and operation of the modern African systems: sentencing patterns in Nigeria; the East African experience of imprisonment; psychiatry and the criminal offender in Africa; penal policy and under-development in French Africa; capital punishment in South Africa; and the Ghana prison system. The introduction describes the sociological forces responsible for the increase of crime in Africa today and examines the possibility of the growth of a peculiarly African approach to the solution of its penal problems.t AfricaGFFE King, Roy D. Maguire, Mike 1994Prisons in context$British Journal of Criminology34 Special issue 1-159 NGadministration statistics/research types minorities policy rights womeniA special issue of the journal considers the current state of prisons from an international perspective. Editors Roy D. King and Mike Maguire provide an overview of the topic and summarize the contributions that follow. Richard Sparks examines the connections between the interior life of penal institutions and the larger economic and political settings in which penal institutions are embedded. Douglas C. McDonald provides a comparative analysis of prison privatization in the U.S., the U.K. and Australia, with particular reference to service delivery. Massimo Pavarini sets out the Italian version of penal politics and describes the unique economic and sociopolitical crisis that produced, from 1991-92, a doubling of the prison population. Roy D. King explores the Russian system of corrective labor and the conditions that currently exist in its prison and colonies. Franklin E. Zimring and Gordon Hawkins report on a study of imprisonment trends in California over the period 1980-91. They conclude that the growth in imprisonment resulted from a combination of an increased use of prison sentences in "threshold" cases (theft, burglary, assault, etc.), and an explosive increase in drug arrests. Michael Tonry demonstrates that disproportionate incarceration of blacks in the U.K., Canada and Australia--though a less obvious occurrence than in the U.S.--is more of a problem than is commonly acknowledged, hidden only by the small number of blacks in the general population. Ken Pease argues for more sensitive and imaginative use of comparative statistical data on cross-national imprisonment rates, and for greater reliance on United Nations survey data. Pat Carlen attempts to unravel universal questions about gender, punishment, abolitionism and the iconography of "the prison." Rod Morgan and Malcolm Evans present a case study of the work of the Council of Europe Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.uB;~Global Australia Italy Russia United Kingdom United StatesKing, R. 1994:4Russian prisons after perestroika: End of the Gulag?$British Journal of Criminology34 Special issuet 62-82s policy system descriptionzt Explores the Russian system of corrective labor and the conditions that currently exist in its prison and colonies. Russia& King, Roy D. McDermott, Kathleen 1995The state of our prisons Oxford Clarendon Pressihistory policyA study examines changes in policy and practice in 5 representative prisons in England and Wales during the years 1984 to 1991. Data were obtained from agency records and interviews. The heightened emphasis on security and control has affected the prison system's ability to provide humane treatment for prisoners during a time when the justification of punishment shifted from treatment to a justice model. While there have been many improvements in the prisons, performance is less effective than in the 1970s.England & Wales JjIH  Klanjsek, Ada 1959ZSSelection of female offenders for the open correctional institution at Ig, Slovenia1 NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of LawoResearch project4 womenSlovenia  Ljubljanay Klerks, Peter 1993  Amsterdaml ,%Domestic Security Research FoundationF,&statistics/research system descriptionA review provides statistics and other information on law enforcement and security in Europe, including those countries part of the European Community and those that are not, such as the Scandinavian countries, Switzerland, and Turkey. Each country is portrayed in terms of its basic demographic profile; crime figures including those derived from victim surveys; racism and right-wing extremism; other political violence; data on individuals seeking asylum; police statistics; police structures; police recruitment and training; weapons and special police equipment; female police; assessment of police performance; the prison situation; and private security..'Central & Eastern Europe Western Europe The state of Europe: A digest of European police systems, prison conditions, private security, human rights and civil liberties.  Klerks, P. 1993State of Europe: A digest of European police systems, prison conditions, private security, and the internal security situation in the 1990sc Amsterdam, Netherlands ,%Domestic Security Research Foundationt No. 013799 conditions& The European Council (EC) countries included are Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The non-EC countries included are Andorra, Austria, Finland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, Norway, San Marino, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and Vatican City. For this report, two studies were particularly useful. One is a 1989 worldwide overview of police forces and penal systems by George T. Kurian, and the other is a report on 24 European police forces compiled in 1989 by the German police official Arved F. Semerak in collaboration with the International Police Association. Although most of the country reports in the various sources were composed by police functionaries or other government officials, some were written by system critics or individuals who operate from a different perspective. Where possible, each entry follows standard format for the information provided. General information on each country encompasses governmental type, capital, constitution, legal system, executive branch, legislative branch, and judicial branch. Other categories of information are crime figures, the presence of racism and right-wing extremism in the country, other political violence, statistics on asylum seekers, police personnel and expenditure statistics, and police structure. Other information provided includes recruitment and training weaponry and special equipment, women in the police, assessment of police performance, the prison situation, and private security..'Central & Eastern Europe Western EuropeONMLKKlofas, John M.g 1991PIConsidering prison in context: The case of the People's Republic of ChinaHAInternational Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice152r175-186m\Uadministration conditions labor policy prisoners system description treatment programiA review examines imprisonment in the People's Republic of China. Despite some evidence to the contrary, imprisonment in China has been characterized as generally humane and rehabilitation oriented. Cross-cultural comparisons, however, make conclusions tenuous because prison may not have the same meaning across national boundaries. Along with humane and treatment-oriented prisons, the Chinese employ a variety of interventions, including harsh detention practices, nonjural punishments and the death penalty. The frequency with which these alternatives are used makes comparisons with American prisons difficult. Understanding is also complicated by the fact that social control practices in China have been shaped by the unique combination of Confucian and socialist ideology and practice. The study of Chinese social control can provide insight into the general problems of conducting cross-cultural research. Chinaa  Kobal, Milos 1962TMAn analysis of sentencing dispositions imposed on mentally abnormal offendersS NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Law6 health*$Research report with English summarySlovenia  Ljubljanaj  Kobal, Milos 1966<5Organization of halfway houses for released prisoners NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Lawi19$probation/parole/alternativesa*$Research report with English summarySlovenia  Ljubljanaj  Kobe, Peter 19630*Recidivism in penal and administrative law NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Lawt8 recidivism*$Research report with English summarySlovenia  Ljubljanaj Komiya, Nobuo 1995LEA comparative study of racial justice in English and Japanese prisons HAInternational Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice192s269-274 *#administration minorities prisonerstAn essay discusses the advantages of a comparative approach in studying racial justice in prisons around the world. Authors contend that advances in transportation and telecommunications has produced a huge influx across borders of people of different ethnic origins, and resulted in confrontations between ethnic majorities and minorities in many countries around the world. Prisons reflect the ills characterizing society as a whole; thus, prison administrators are tackling the problem of racial justice. Since the methods of prison administration vary along with variations in society, studies of racial justice in one national prison system may not automatically be applicable to another system. However, an understanding of the nature of racial justice in the prisons of different countries may provide a fresh theoretical perspective and provide indications for solving the problems of our own country.sEngland & Wales Japan a`_2^]\[. ZY Lash, Barb 1996$Census of prison inmates 1995J Wellington, New Zealand Ministry of Justicestatistics/research New ZealandsLasocik, ZbigniewE 1993"Praktyki religijne wiezniowa Warszawa Wydawn. Nauk. PWN1<5prisoner society system description treatment program  Poland Leaon Leaon, Marco Antonio 1996NGSistema carcelario en Chile: visiones, realidades y proyectos 1816-1916 Santiago de Chile `ZDirecciaon de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos, Centro de Investigaciones Diego Barros Arana"administration history types Chile  Ledent, M. 1970>8Social interaction in the prison setting (English title)B;Revue Internationale de Criminologie et de Police Technique241 35-46prisoner society typesLEThe social structure of correctional institutions determines the psychological effect of imprisonment with regard to treatment. It is illusory to wish to introduce therapeutic methods, such as psychotherapy, into a milieu which by its nature, tends to disintegrate the few positive contacts which the inmate has with society. The prison at Louvain in Belgium is more of a custodial institution than a therapeutic institution, and as such, therapeutic measures appear to be an unworkable luxury there. Such measures introduce a manner of interaction between inmates and personnel which the administration can neither control or understand. They have the effect of reinforcing adjustment to prison life, rather than true rehabilitation. Rehabilitation will only be possible following a complete reorganization of correctional institutions.sBelgiumuLemonde, Lucie 1996VPThe impact of discourse on detainee rights and equity norms on prison disciplineCritical Criminology71 75-106discipline rights8 The prisoners' rights movement and active judicial intervention in prison law have widely expanded in Canada over the past 2 decades. The Corrections and Conditional Release Act (1992) incorporates notions of human dignity, the due process of law, and to a certain degree, the fundamental rights of prison inmates. A study explores the impact of prisoners' rights discourse, and of the legal obligation to act fairly toward prisoners, on the practices and quality of disciplinary decisions. Observation of disciplinary hearings at Canadian penitentiaries, as well as interviews with the main participants, indicate that the "judiciarization" of social relations and the "legalization" of discipline in the prison have contributed to the emergence of a more humanized prison. Canada$Lester, David Danto, Bruce L.d 19934.Suicide behind bars: Prediction and prevention  Philadelphia  Charles Pressahealth prisoners<5Central & Eastern Europe United States Western EuropeLevenskog, Yngve 1997d]Institutionssjalavard i Sverige 1932-1989: Med sarskild hansyn tagen till fangelsesjalavarden,%Bibliotheca theologiae practicae ; 57e  Stockholm: Almqvist & Wikselltreatment programl Sweden Lewis, Derek 19972+Hidden agendas: politics, law, and disorderd London Hamish HamiltonadministrationEngland & WalesLhuilier, Dominique@ 1997B;L'univers penitentiaire: du cote des surveillants de prisonSociologie clinique Paris Desclee de Brouwer staff France Li, Chia-fu 1984&Chung-kuo chien yu fa chih shihm  T'ai-pei shih2 $T'ai-wan shang wu yin shu kuan policy ChinaoLiebling, Alison 19962,Deaths in custody: caring for people at risk "London, UK: Whiting & Birchd health women~wProceedings of the Second International Conference on Deaths in Custody, held at New Hall in Cambridge, UK in April 1994, highlight examples of progress and change. The 15 papers explore suicides and other types of deaths in custody in Australia, England, the Netherlands and elsewhere. Among the special populations discussed are mentally ill offenders, women and juveniles.n,%Australia England & Wales Netherlands-Lima, William da Silva 1991>8Quatrocentos contra um: Uma historia do Comando Vermelho Petropolis: Rio de Janeiro  Vozes; ISER2,prisoner society prisoners security violence Brazil.'Liu, Zongren Noyes, Erik Wang, James J.n 199560Hard time: Thirty months in a Chinese labor camp  San Francisco China Books & Periodicals prisonersu Chinan Lonberg, Arne 1975"The penal system of Denmarki  Copenhagen 82Ministry of Justice, Dept. of Prison and Probation history system descriptionDenmarkafedcb Long, Nigel 19864-Stress in prison staff: an occupational study Criminology242i331-345. staff statistics/research*$A survey was conducted into sources of occupational stress and their effects on health levels for a volunteer group of New Zealand prison staff (N=562). Staff were categorized into prison officers, ranking prison officers, and instructors. Noncommissioned army personnel were used as a comparison sample. Subjects were administered a job-specific "sources of stress" questionnaire, and other instruments. Factor analysis revealed 6 job-specific sources of stress factors: staff relationships, task pressures, relationships with inmates, promotion, the work environment, and the impact on family life of living in a prison village. The levels of stress experienced by staff varied across the 3 groups. On 3 health measures, all staff groups were found to score significantly higher than the control group. New Zealand Lopez de Mazier, Armidaa 19962+Testimonio de una victima del "pasaportazo"r *#Tegucigalpa, M.D.C., Honduras, C.A.i Litografia Lopez rights womenHondurasLopez Martin, Antonio 1988F?El regimen penitenciario en Guatemala y su necesaria regulacion0)Facultad de Ciencias Juridicas y Socialesa  Guatemala .'Universidad Mariano Galvez de Guatemala1 Prepared as aprisoners types GuatemalaS Loucks, Nancy 1995d^"Anything goes": The use of the "catch-all" disciplinary rule in Prison Service establishments London Prison Reform Trust:discipline rights F?A study examines the use of a prison disciplinary rule in Great Britain -- Rule 47(2) -- that penalizes inmates whose behavior in any way offends good order and discipline. Analysis covers the unnecessary use of the Rule; whether it produces uncertainty and inconsistency; and whether such a catch-all rule is required. England & Waless Lundstrom, Roche Francesca 1985& Women in prison: Ideals and real  Stockholm University of Stockholm staff womenThe experience of being a prisoner or a member of staff in womens' prison is described by prisoners and members of staff in Ireland and Sweden. Due to very large differences in the material standards of the prisons in the two countries the experience of prison on the material level was very dissimilar. On the non-material level, that is in terms of emotions, relationships within the prison, missing their children and families and fear of stigmatization on release - there was surprising similarities between the women prisoners from the two countries. Members of staff in Sweden had a different world view of the non-material aspect of prison than the women prisoners. These experiences of prison - the 'Real' were compared with the 'Ideal' of prison as set out in both country's laws in relation to the implementation of penal policy. Sweden's Ideal could be described as 'correctional care' and Ireland's as 'containment'. In both countries it was found that at the material level there was little difference between the Ideal and the Real. In Sweden differences were found at the non-material level between the Ideal and the Real in relation to the experiences of the women prisoners in the prison setting and in relation to release. Swedish staff also intimated that there was a difference between the Ideal and the Real when it came to prisoners, prospects in society on release. In Ireland there was little difference found between the Ideal and the Real at the non-material level.mIreland Swedenl(kjihg@men, prisons & psychiatry: Mental disorder behind bars Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann$health treatment program womenA study explores psychiatric disorder and its role in offending among women incarcerated in Great Britain, emphasizing theLundstrom, Francesca 1988PJThe affective responses of women prisoners to two discrepant penal systems$Criminal Justice and Behavior154 411-432w2+statistics/research treatment program womenmB;A study contrasts a retributive penal system (Irish) with a rehabilitative system (Swedish). Interview data were gathered from 32 inmates in Swedish prisons and 16 women in Irish prisons. The hypothesis that there would be vast differences between the subjects' affective responses to prison life in the 2 countries was supported with respect to the more material aspects of prison. Swedish prisons were of a higher material standard than were Irish prisons; not only the actual buildings but also the facilities for work, recreation, education and the possibilities for contact outside the prison were all superior in Sweden. That these differences did not affect the less material aspects of prison life, e.g., relationships and emotions, is surprising, as is the Swedish women's more negative affective responses to release. Ireland SwedenLunt, Lawrence K.s 1990Leave me my spirit  Tempe, AZ $Affiliated Writers of Americac prisoners CubaLynch, James P. 1994LFProfile of inmates in the United States and in England and Wales, 1991 Washington, DC ZTU.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statisticsstatistics/researchc$England & Wales United StateseB8The mark system of prison discipline by Capt. Maconochie ,%Research Publications; Woodbridge, CT6/Microfiche series, 19th century legal treatises1 London Mitchell and Son&history labor treatment programp~Global Australia o`n0mR Maden, Tony 1996>8Women, prisons & psychiatry: Mental disorder behind bars Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann$health treatment program womenA study explores psychiatric disorder and its role in offending among women incarcerated in Great Britain, emphasizing the provision of psychiatric services. The sample of 293 women was drawn from 4 prisons in England and Wales that hold sentenced women: Holloway, Styal, Drake Hall, and Durham. Data were collected from prison discipline and medical records; semi-structured interviews conducted by a psychiatrist; criminal records; informal interviews with prison staff; and reports from National Health Service hospitals. Qualitative differences between female and male inmates in terms of violence, prison disciplinary problems, and self-harm cannot be reduced to a single dimension of psychopathology or the argument that women are more disturbed than men. Professionals are apparently more willing to label and respond to indicators of psychological disturbance in women. While a greater proportion of female prisoners can be given a diagnosis, the pattern of mental disorder is similar in both sexes: these include neurosis and personality disorder, and substance abuse. Gender differences are not related simply to demand for treatment. The institution is apparently more willing to supply on-site mental health services for women than for men. Despite the relatively few seriously and chronically disordered female prisoners who would could benefit from transfers to hospitals for treatment, the system fails to provide for such difficult patients. The conclusion notes that despite similarities with men, incarcerated mentally ill women have special needs. The overriding problem is, however, the overall lack of services for mentally disordered offenders in general.eEngland & WalessLEMagdalena de San, Jeronimo Valle de la Cerda, Teresa Barbeito, Isabel 1991voCarceles y mujeres en el siglo XVII; Razon y forma de la Galera 1991; Proceso inquisitorial de San Placido 1991j Madrid 0)Editorial Castalia, Instituto de la Mujerchistory types womenP Spaini Maghan, Jess 1991,&The National Prison Service of HungaryAmerican Jails5s2 92-96nsystem descriptionAn essay describes corrections in Hungary, based on a 1990 tour of the national prison administration. The Hungarian penal system operates under the Minister of Justice, with a standard institutional administrative structure. Each of the country's 17 provinces contains a county jail, and 13 also have national prisons. Labor-intensive correctional facilities are characteristic of Hungary. The prison administration generates its own income and has an independent budget. Inmates represent themselves in disciplinary hearings and use other inmates as witnesses. Loss of good time, commissary privileges and recreation, or punitive segregation, constitute the sanctions imposed for rule violations.Hungary.z"y^x$w$  Mays, G. Larry Gray, Tara 1996XRPrivatization and the provision of correctional services: Context and consequences  Cincinnati Anderson privatizationoNGA collection of 12 previously unpublished papers explores correctional privatization. An introduction is provided by G. Larry Mays. Michael J. Gilbert addresses private confinement and the role of government. Russell G. Winn presents empirical results on the calculation of efficiency in public and private corrections. Robert D. Chaires and Susan A. Lentz review legal considerations in prison privatization. Michael J. Gilbert presents guidelines on the risks associated with privatization. Greg Newbold and Mel Smith consider privatization of corrections in New Zealand. Jon'a F. Meyer and Diana Grant discuss the privatization of community corrections. Matthew C. Leone and Patrick T. Kinkade illustrate how privatization may improve the availability of conjugal visitation. Rich Lammay examines the role of corporate America in prison industries. Tara Gray and Meyer explore the expansion of prison industries through privatization. Dale K. Sechrest and David Shichor compare public and private correctional facilities in California. Mays delineates public-private correctional interaction.  New Zealand United States  Mays, G. Larry Gray, Tarac 1996XRPrivatization and the provision of correctional services: context and consequences  Cincinnati Anderson privatization{NGA collection of 12 previously unpublished papers explores correctional privatization. An introduction is provided by G. Larry Mays. Michael J. Gilbert addresses private confinement and the role of government. Russell G. Winn presents empirical results on the calculation of efficiency in public and private corrections. Robert D. Chaires and Susan A. Lentz review legal considerations in prison privatization. Michael J. Gilbert presents guidelines on the risks associated with privatization. Greg Newbold and Mel Smith consider privatization of corrections in New Zealand. Jon'a F. Meyer and Diana Grant discuss the privatization of community corrections. Matthew C. Leone and Patrick T. Kinkade illustrate how privatization may improve the availability of conjugal visitation. Rich Lammay examines the role of corporate America in prison industries. Tara Gray and Meyer explore the expansion of prison industries through privatization. Dale K. Sechrest and David Shichor compare public and private correctional facilities in California. Mays delineates public-private correctional interaction.t New Zealand United Statesp  Meek, John 198681Paremoremo: New Zealand's maximum security prison Wellington, New Zealandh ,%Penal Division, Department of Justice types New Zealandi Meek, John 1992"Gangs in New Zealand prisons81Australian and New Zealand Journal of CriminologyZ253o255-277prisoner societyA study investigates gang membership in New Zealand prisons. Included is a case study of Auckland Maximum Security Prison (Paremoremo). Data were gathered from earlier studies, the 1989 prison census and unpublished materials. Compared with other inmate groups, gang members tend to: be younger, convicted of violent offenses, and classified as requiring medium or maximum custody; serve longer sentences; have a greater number of previous convictions and first convictions at an earlier age; and spend a greater proportion of their adult lives in prison. At Auckland, gangs have been blamed for exacerbating the difficulties of emotionally fragile inmates by creating a climate of fear and intimidation. The prisons have no policy of actively trying to dissuade inmates from continuing their gang involvement. That membership carries no automatic negative consequences means that gangs have remained visible and consequently more easily managed. New Zealand has a long history of gangs. Prison gangs are arms of gangs that exist in the community. Because the latter show few signs of disappearing, it seems likely that gangs will continue to play a prominent role in the prisons. New Zealande Meek, John 1995@:The revival of preventive detention in New Zealand 1986-9381Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology283225-257F?A sensational offense by a recently released prisoner with a long history of sex offending led to an expansion of the scope of preventive detention in 1987 in New Zealand. An essay and review examines the resulting revival of preventive detention from 1986 to 1993. A committee of inquiry had previously called for abolition of this sentence, which provides for the indefinite detention of dangerous offenders. In the 1987-93 period, 48 persons received the sentence, as compared with 28 during the previous 19 years. The revival of preventive detention is a case study of law-and-order politics. Its principal deficiencies are: inconsistency of use; lack of focus and the Court of Appeal's failure to provide meaningful guidance to judges; and the severity of the sentence, which involves detention for a minimum term of 10 years.a New Zealandlpretrial detention}|{  Mevis, Paul 1992The Dutch penal systemAmerican JailsJan/Feb 61-66Csystem description NetherlandslMiddle East Watch, 1991>8Prison conditions in Israel and the occupied territories New York Human Rights Watchsystem descriptiontnA report assesses the prisons of Israel based on 1990 visits to 12 facilities and other sources. Israel operates a dual system of prisons. One system, run by the Israel Prison Service, by and large meets international standards for its 10,000 inmates, both Jews and Palestinians, involved in criminal and security cases. The other system consists of detention camps run by the Israel Defense Forces for Palestinian residents of the occupied territories. Currently holding 9,000 inmates, these camps do not meet minimum standards because of: use of unheated outdoor tents for year-round incarceration; overcrowding; limited access to lawyers; and heavy censorship of reading material. These problems are particularly acute at the largest facility, Ketsiot. An official reply from Israel questions the objectivity of the report, and defends conditions at the detention facilities. IsraelMiddle East Watch, 1992B;Egypt: Arrest and detention practices and prison conditions New York Middle East Watch& lockup/jail/detention conditions EgyptMiddle East Watch, 1993 Prison conditions in Egypt New York Human Rights Watch conditions prisoners women A report on prison conditions in Egypt is based on 1992 on-site inspections of 6 facilities over an 8-day period. Additional data were drawn from interviews with prison officials, sentenced criminal and security prisoners, administrative detainees, prisoners awaiting trial or in trial proceedings, lawyers, human rights monitors and others. Findings concern: prisoners' rights; oversight of the penal system; authorized disciplinary measures; unauthorized punishment; unauthorized physical abuse; living conditions; unrecorded removal of security prisoners from prisons; treatment of foreign national prisoners; medical care and facilities; time outside cells; work and other activities; contact with outsiders; and female prisoners. Fourteen recommendations are outlined.d EgyptprTak, Peter J. P. Ekbom, Thomas Pung, Orville B.d 1996The institutional treatment of offenders: relationships with other criminal justice agencies and current problems in administrationtNHpolicy prisoners probation/parole/alternatives release treatment programTMProceedings of the 100th International Training Course sponsored by the United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders include 12 papers on the relationships of correctional institutions with other criminal justice agencies, and current problems in administration. Peter J.P. Tak examines AIDS prevention policy in Dutch prisons. Thomas Ekbom covers aspects of correctional institution reform in Sweden. Orville B. Pung considers problems that have resulted from old solutions to correctional dilemmas in the U.S. Parinda Ranasinghe explores both the institutional and non-custodial treatment of offenders in Sri Lanka. Mochammad Hindarto addresses police relations with other criminal justice agencies in Indonesia. Haechang Chung considers deinstitutionalization issues in Korea. Vivit Chatuparisut discusses problems in the criminal justice process from the perspective of corrections in Thailand. Wang Lixian examines the goal of rehabilitation in China. Zheng Yong reviews prison overcrowding and possible solutions in China. Hayford Okpoti Korney explores institutional treatment issues in Ghana. Man-Chiu Vanny Wong considers the relationship of the correctional department to other criminal justice agencies in Hong Kong; Eric Lloyd Basnayake discusses this linkage as it operates in Sri Lanka.oPJChina Ghana Indonesia Korea, Republic of (South) Sri Lanka Sweden Thailandacteristics of correctional adult basic education" by Ray Lilly; and "Work releases: A constructivWhitney, Lynne 1992HBSubstance abuse: A survey of the treatment needs of prison inmates Wellington, New Zealand :3Policy and Research Division, Department of Justice drugss New Zealands