0 `   @@@ @@@@L4RVDVP  $UCDHIQXYZ[___uqqwwbblm@4Cavadino1992T Kaiser1992g Prowse1992g v sisteme totalitarnogo gosudarstva Moskva 2+Moskovsk0*Barahona Pantoja de Morales, Carmen Amalia 1996ZSLas mujeres privadas de libertad en El Salvador y el respeto a Puhar1995 Pung19966Rahamana1992 Rawashidah1993Raycraft1999 Read1969 Reali1986 Reams1997 Reece1993 Reichel1997 Reichel1999 Reid1996n Rejali1994 Rhine1987 Richterova1991  Riley1996 Roberts1937 Roberts1971 Robledo1997 Rodriguez1995Rodriguez Pineda1998Rodriguez-Manzanera1994Roldan Quinones1998 Rosenblum1994Rostaing1997 Rothman1995 Rothman1998 Roy1989 Ruebner1997Ruggiero1995 Ryan19951 Sa'dawi1994 Sa'id1984 Said1986Sakamoto1997 Salazar Cruz19929q Salinas1993e Salloom1993 Salvatore1996 Sampiemon1990Samuelli1997Sanchez Galindo1990 Sandry1984 Sato1992 Saubin1994 Schache1992 Schausberger19892 Schoch1992j Schoen1981 Schoklender1997 Schuschnigg1997 Schuschnigg1997 Schuschnigg1997Schwartz1988Schwartz1989Schwartz1989Schwartz1989oSchwartz1991  Seidman1997 Selke1991 Selling1997Sepaulveda Cabezas1996 Serna Alonso1988A  Seymour1998Shapland1986 Shaw1991  Shaw1998 Shen1992 Shewan1996 Shih1989i Shih1992 Short1979v Silfen1996Silveira19900 Sim1995 Singh1982Skaberne1966 Smith1990 Smith1990 Smykla1996 Sohoni1989Soria Galvarro1997`Souta de Moura1992` Southey1992  Spaans1996  Spaans1997 Spaans1998 Sparks1991 Spens1994 Spier1997 Spierenburg1984 Spierenburg1991 Sprott1998 Stangl1988X Steinke1996 Stern1998 Stier1988Suarez Faillace1997 Sun1994 Sunter1996Svensson1995 Sykes1960 Szymanski19923 Tak1988X Tak1988 Tak1993 Tak1996 Takala1996 Tarsem1995-'Task Force on Federally Sentenced Women1990 Tavira1988 Tavira1995 Teeters1946" Telias19921ten Hove1989 Terrill1997 Thapa1991 Thurber1998t Tocqueville1988 Tomasevski1992 Tomasevski1994 Tonry1997 Tornudd1993 Toro1992 Toure1989Tournier1992Tournier1997Trinidad Fernandez1991 Trinquier1997  Trivedi1987  Trombetta1989 Tryer1996 Uhl1990  Unger1962 United Nations1952 United Nations1953United Nations1953United Nations1955United Nations1955United Nations1955United Nations1955United Nations1955United Nations1955United Nations1959United Nations1959United Nations1960United Nations1960United Nations1961United Nations1963`United Nations1964United Nations1967United Nations1968United Nations1971United Nations1972 United Nations1973!United Nations1974"United Nations1975#United Nations1975$United Nations1975%United Nations1975&United Nations1975'United Nations1976(United Nations1976)United Nations1976*United Nations1977`+United Nations1978,United Nations1978-United Nations1979/United Nations19800United Nations19801United Nations19802United Nations19803United Nations19804United Nations19825United Nations19836United Nations19837United Nations19848United Nations19849United Nations1984:United Nations1985;United Nations1985`<United Nations1985=United Nations1985>United Nations1985?United Nations1986AUnited Nations1987BUnited Nations1988CUnited Nations1988DUnited Nations1989EUnited Nations1990GUnited Nations1990HUnited Nations1990IUnited Nations1990JUnited Nations1990KUnited Nations1990`LUnited Nations1990MUnited Nations1990NUnited Nations1990OUnited Nations1994PUnited Nations1995QUnited Nations1996RUnited Nations1996SUnited Nations1997T Useem1989p Vagg19859 Vagg19949U Vagg1994  Valle1997nValle de la Cerda1991V Valls1986W van Dam1995X van Kalmthout1988Y van Zyl Smit1991AVarious authors1997ZVassilev1994 Vermunt1998 Verwers1997 Vestergaard1997 Vigier1992[ Vodopivec1962\ Vodopivec1963] Vodopivec1965^ Vodopivec1981_ Vodopivec1992 von Hofer1997` Vorenberg1990` Vorenberg1990a Vyas1995b Waite1993 Wakefield1995c Waldram1997d Walker1992e Walker1993 Walker1998 Wall19939fWalmsley1995gWalmsley1996hWalmsley1997Walmsley1997 Walter1998i Wang1992` Wang19955j Ward1981k Ward1992 Ward19991 Wardoyo1997l Watson1991m Watterson1996 Weber1992n Webuye1993 Weiss1998Weschler1989oWeschler1991pWeschler1992qWeschler1995 Whitman1990r Whitney1992s Wicks1979tWiechman1993 Wilkinson1995Williams1996 Williams1997 Wilson1992u Wilson1993 Wong19969 Woo1916vWorld Health Organization1990 Wydra1998wYamamoto1996Yamamoto1996x Yang1987y Yang1987z Yang1987{Yokoyama1994 Young1993| Young1993} Zagar1991 Zamora Avila19949 Zana1997~ Zebec1992 Zebec1992 Zhao1991" Zighelbaum1992 Zupan19882 Zupan19881955United Nations1955United Nations1955United Nations1959United Nations1959United Nations1960United Nations1960United Nations1961United Nations1963`United Nations1964United Nations1967United Nations1968United Nations1971United Nations1972 United Nations1973!United Nations1974"United Nations1975#United Nations1975$United Nations1975%United Nations1975&United Nations1975'United Nations1976(United Nations1976)United Nations1976*United Nations1977`+United Nations1978,United Nations1978-United Nations1979.United Nations1980/United Nations19800United Nations19801United Nations19802United Nations19803United Nations19804United Nations19825United Nations19836United Nations19837United Nations19848United Nations19849United Nations1984:United Nations1985;United Nations1985`<United Nations1985=United Nations1985>United Nations1985?United Nations1986@United Nations1987AUnited Nations1987p Vagg19859 Vagg19949  Valle1997nValle de la Cerda1991Various authors1997 Vigier1992 Wakefield1995 Wall19939` Wang19955 Wardoyo1997 Weber1992Weschler1989 Whitman1990 Wilkinson1995Williams1996 Wilson1992 Woo1916 Young1993 Zamora Avila19949" Zighelbaum19922f z0 !#&'()*+,-./12356789:;<=">?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSVWXYZ[\]^_`auqwbcdefhijkl%omn AuthorsJournalsKeywords2(  H!,^^X),]kk_D]D+7 ] z000 !!!!!####&&&''''''''((())**++++,,,,,,,,-------..........///////11cccccdddddddeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeffffffffffffffffhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhiiiiiiiiiiiiijjjjjjjjjjjkkkkkkkllllllll%%%ommmmmmmmmnnnnnn 0 '*,,,,,,,--.//39:;;<="?CDDHHHJKKNPSVWWXXZ[[\]]]]awdd%mn:. XX zzz0 !!##''')+,,.///26689:=="" j&:Bruzitsov, Khristo 1991$Tri khiliadi noshti v zatvoras Sofiia *$Univ. izd-vo "Sv. Kliment Okhridski" prisonersBulgariaBrydensholt, Hans H. 1983Prison management9  Strasbourg *$European Committee on Crime Problemsadministration~Global  Buda, Blanca 19884.Cuerpo I, zona IV: el infierno de Suarez Mason  Buenos Aires Editorial Contra Punta$corporal punishment prisonerss ArgentinaoBuntman, Fran Lisa 1997The politics of conviction: Political prisoner resistance on Robben Island, 1962-1991, and its implications for South African politics and resistance theory*$history prisoners system description South AfricaBurton-Rose, Danieli 1998HBThe celling of America: an inside look at the U.S. prison industry  Monroe, Me. Common Courage Pressadministration policy1 United Statesr Busch, Tobias 1988 Munchena Vvfr*$policy probation/parole/alternativesGermanyaZSSelective incapacitation: ein Beispiel fur den Versuch von Kriminalpravention durchaButler, Anne M. 1997TNGendered justice in the American west: women prisoners in men's penitentiaries  Urbana, IL "University of Illinois Press.(history prisoners women prisoner society United States Byron, Carole 1994Prisons and prisonersi$Home Office Research Bulletin 36 3-63statistics/researchA special edition of the bulletin addresses research on different aspects of the U.K.'s Prison Service. Editor Carole Byron introduces the 10 previously unpublished articles. John Ditchfield examines the relationship of family ties to the likelihood of reoffending. Liz Howard analyzes the home areas of prisoners in England and Wales. Ros Burnett considers the role of imprisonment as a deterrent to reoffending. Peter Marshall discusses the problems inherent in sexual reconviction studies. John Copas et al. describe the development of a new Reconviction Prediction Score. Alison Leibling and Helen Krarup review the incidence of suicide attempts in male prisons. Diane Caddle identifies the problems experienced by remand prisoners. Richard Harries reports on experiments allowing sentenced male prisoners to wear their own clothes. Ditchfield and Mike Lock consider the pattern and level of offenses and punishments before and after 1992, when changes were made in the prison disciplinary system and the Boards of Visitors lost their disciplinary role. Sheila White analyzes data from the 1991 National Prison Survey comparing the regimes and culture in 8 prisons.8England & WaleslCaldwell, Grant  1991Malabata North Ryde, NSW, Australia Angus & Robertson9conditions rightsMorocco .(Calliess, Rolf-Peter Muller-Dietz, Heinz 1991Strafvollzugsgesetz: Gesetz uber den Vollzug der Freiheitsstrafe und der freiheitsentziehenden Massregeln der Besserung und Sicherung mit ergaenzenden bestimmungen[ Munchenl  C.H. Beckppolicy prisonersGermany/ Carli, Aldo 1987Varovanje pravic obsojencev med prestajanjem kazni zapora (Protection of prisoners' rights during the implementation of prison sentence)Penoloski bilten52 27-32i rightsSloveniaCarlie, Michael Kaye 1993,%Prison reform in England: an overviewLEInternational Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology373197-219-4-policy statistics/research system description d]A four-month study of the British prison reform lobby obtained data from: interviews with Prison Service personnel and administrators of lobby groups; attendance at lobby group meetings; and a review of published literature. Though numerous barriers to penal reform in England exist, some reform efforts have been successful. Among these are the creation of probation services in 1906, and a 1990 modification in the law that forbids incarcerating youths under age 15. Evidence of Britain's enlightened and humane penal policy may be found in the vast array, size and variety of groups in the penal reform lobby. The Home Office has also been responsible for many of the more successful reform efforts. As in the U.S., however, there has been an increasing tendency to criminalize deviance and institutionalize offenders, resulting in gross prison overcrowding.eEngland & WaleseCarrafiello, Susan B. 1998JCThe tombs of the living: prisons and prison reform in liberal Italy New York P. Langhistory policy Italy.1122222333555666677778888888889999::::::;;;;;<<<========""""">>??????@@@AAABBBBBCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDEEEEEFFFFFFGGGHHHHHHHIIIIJJJKKLLMMMMMNNNNNOOOPPQQRRSSSSSVVVVVVWWWWWWXXXXXXXXYYYYYYYYYYYYZZZZZZZZZ[[[[[[\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^____````aaaaaaqqqwwwbbbbbbbcc2 z60Bishop, Norman Osborne, Ann S. Pettersson, Tomas 1987@9The drug free programme at the Hinseberg prison for women  Norrkoping ZTResearch and Development Group, Swedish National Prison and Probation Administration$drugs treatment program womeneA 2-year study followed 80 inmates who participated in a drug-free program between 1979 and 1981. Established in 1978 at Hinseberg Prison, Sweden's only national prison for women, the program is built around work or study, physical training, obligatory leisure activities and planning for social life outside prison. Of the 81 stays in the program (1 woman entered after receiving each of 2 separate sentences), 42 were completed according to plan and 39 were interrupted. In 14 cases, the interruption occurred at the inmates' request, and in ll cases the cause was misuse of leave from the prison. Misuse of alcohol or narcotics led to interruption of stay in 4 cases. Other forms of breach of the agreement, such as refusal to submit to urine testing, resulted in interruption of stay in the remaining 10 cases. Those who had completed elementary school and had injected drugs were the most likely to complete the program. Forty participants were sentenced to probation or imprisonment during follow-up. Twenty-one of these continued to misuse drugs and had negative assessments on occupational status. Nineteen participants had positive assessments of occupational status, no documented drug misuse and no further arrests. Among those with the most positive adjustment, ll had been sentenced for fairly serious drug offenses, as compared with only 3 people in the group with the most negative adjustment. Sweden,&Blaauw, Eric Kerkhof, Ad Vermunt, Riel 1998(!Psychopathology in police custody2+International Journal of Law and Psychiatrya211r 1-30 health pretrial detentione,&Three studies investigate prevalence of symptoms of psychopathology among detainees in Dutch police stations. Samples of 142, 55 and 112 detainees completed interviews in 11 police station cell blocks in the Netherlands. The samples were similar with regard to age, nationality and educational level. Psychopathological complaints were assessed by means of the Symptom Checklist-90. Despite the differing qualities of detention facilities and of interaction with police officers in the 3 studies, being locked up in police stations coincided with high levels of depression and somatization, and with many mood problems. The levels of depression and somatization appeared higher than those in jails, prisons and the general population, and were similar to levels found in a psychiatric population. Both vulnerability and situational factors appeared to account for elevated symptom levels, and perceptions of the situation seemed to be more important than the actual situation. A large proportion of the variance of mental problems, however, remained unexplained. NetherlandsL.'Blanchette, Kelley Motiuk, Laurence L.S 1996b[Female offenders with and without major mental health problems: a comparative investigationi Ottawa 81Research Division, Correctional Service of Canadat health women4.A study describes the mental health status of 76 federally sentenced adult female offenders incarcerated at the Prison for Women in Kingston, Ontario in 1989. Topics include: the case characteristics of study participants, institutional adjustment and in-program performance, and post-release outcomes. CanadaBlanchette, Kelley 1997ZSAn examination of medium- and maximum-security federally-sentenced female offendersl Ottawa $Correctional Service of Canada health womenA study compares female offenders placed in medium-security prisons with their maximum-security counterparts on: risk (security and escape); criminogenic need; and suicide potential. Canada('&%$x#"!Alata, Jean-Paul 1976Prison d'Afrique Parisl Editions du Seuil prisonersn Africa GuineaiAlexander, Neville 1994 Rondebosch, South Africa University of Cape Town  prisonersi South Africa.'Robben Island prison dossier: 1964-1974a Alkayam, Sami 1988PJNidon le-ma'asar 'olam: yomano shel asir (Sentenced for life imprisonment) Tel-Aviv Sifriyat po'alim prisoners Israel Amato, Nicolo 1990Oltre le sbarre Milano  A. Mondadorisystem description Italy,&American Association of Law Libraries, 1990LFRecommended collections for prison and other institution law libraries  Chicago, Ill.r ,%American Association of Law Librariesp"administration policy rightsCanada United States,&American Association of Law Libraries, 1991jdCorrectional facility law libraries: An A to Z resource guide providing legal services for prisoners  Laurel, Md. (!American Correctional Associationi"administration policy rightsCanada United States("American Correctional Association, 1981voThe Mexican penal colony at Islas Marias: Implications for alternative environments for long-term incarceration College Park, MD (!American Correctional Association0*conditions prisoner society types visitingd]Mexico's Islas Marias Penal Colony, which is on an island off Mexico's Pacific coast, is both the largest penal colony in the world and an innovative correctional environment. The colony is unique in that married prisoners may serve their sentences in the company of their wives and children. The prisoners and their families live in single-family dwellings clustered in camps or small villages scattered throughout the island. The population of Islas Marias is approximately 3,500 persons, about 1,500 of them prisoners, and 2,000 family members, staff, and Mexican marines. All prisoners are eligible to work in one or another of the island's industries for wages comparable to those that would be received elsewhere in Mexico. The island has, as an objective, the achievement of 90 percent self-sufficiency. Compared with traditional correctional institutions, there are relatively few restrictions placed on the movement and behavior of the inmates. Reasons why America should attempt an experimental family correctional community incorporating some of the features of the Islas Marias Penal Colony are discussed.l Mexico("American Correctional Association, 1983HAThe American prison: From the beginning . . . a pictorial historye College Park: MD (!American Correctional Association history typesp United States FZ,%Hirschel, J. David Wakefield, Williamt 199581Criminal justice in England and the United Statese,&statistics/research system descriptionA review compares the criminal justice system of England and Wales with that of the U.S., with a view toward policy implications for the administration of American criminal justice. Generally, the English appear to have placed more trust in the police and given them more power than their counterparts possess in the U.S. While the English system of policing appears more inclined towards Packer's (1968) crime control model, the U.S. system appears to have adopted more of the features of the due process model. In contrast to the U.S., jails in Britain are part of a unified prison service and are not administered by locally elected officials. More U.S. states may want to consider making jails part of a centralized prison service. Both England and the U.S. face similar problems in the area of juvenile justice. The English have long favored diversion, though the attitude of the public is beginning to change.s$England & Wales United States Howard, John 1777~State of the prisons in England and Wales, with preliminary observations, and an account of some foreign prisons and hospitals Warrington, Englandm W. Eyres& history system description types$England & Wales Western Europe Howard, John 1784Appendix to the state of the prisons in England and Wales, containing a farther account of foreign prisons and hospitals, with additional remarks on the prisons of this country Warrington, Englandb W. Eyres& history system description types$England & Wales Western Europe Howard, John 1789An account of the principal lazarettos in Europe with various papers relative to the plague: Together with further observations on some foreign prisons and hospitals, and additional remarks on the present state of those in Great Britain and IrelandB8Chile, intimidation and harassment by clandestine groups New York Amnesty International-AI index: AMR 22/35/88 rights ChileAmnesty International, 1988.'Cuba: political imprisonment, an update New York Amnesty Internationalprisoners rights CubaAmnesty International, 1988 Chile London Amnesty InternationaltAI Index: AMR 22/13/88 rights ChileAmnesty International, 198860El Salvador: Death squads, a government strategy London Amnesty International*$corporal punishment prisoners rights El Salvador-Amnesty International, 1989D=Egypt: Arbitrary detention and torture under emergency powersm New York Amnesty International*$corporal punishment prisoners rights Egypt-Amnesty International, 1989d]Mauritania, 1986-1989: Background to a crisis; three years of political imprisonment, torturea New York Amnesty Internationaln Mauritania>8conditions corporal punishment pretrial detention rightsAmnesty International, 1990RKChad, political prisoners held in secret: calling the government to account0 New York Amnesty InternationaliAI Index: 20/01/90*$corporal punishment prisoners rights ChadAmnesty International, 1990& Cuba--the human rights situation New York Amnesty InternationalvIndex: AMR 25/07/90  rights CubaAmnesty International, 1990HBEgypt: Recent human rights violations under the state of emergency New York Amnesty Internationala$corporal punishment prisonersl EgyptyAmnesty International, 1990JDPapua New Guinea: Human rights violations on Bougainville, 1989-1990 New York Amnesty Internationalm,%conditions corporal punishment rightsNPapua New GuineaAmnesty International, 1990 South Koreao New York Amnesty International.conditions rights- Korea, Republic of (South)Amnesty International, 1991*#Bahrain: Violations of human rightsr New York Amnesty InternationalrAI Index: MDE 11/01/91*$corporal punishment prisoners rightsBahrain IHGFERDCBA@?>Amnesty International, 1991@9China: Punishment without crime: administrative detention New York Amnesty InternationalAI Index: ASA 17/27/91 Chinas*#pretrial detention prisoners rightsiAmnesty International, 1991@9South Korea: Prisoners held for national security reasonsm New York Amnesty International.AI Index: ASA 25/25/91prisoners rights Korea, Republic of (South)Amnesty International, 1991"Egypt: Ten years of torturen New York Amnesty InternationalAI Index: MDE 12/18/91*$corporal punishment prisoners rights Egypt1Amnesty International, 1991`YEquatorial Guinea: Arrests of pro-democracy activists, a changing pattern of human rights New York Amnesty InternationalA1 Index: AFR 24/03/91 rightsEquatorial GuineasAmnesty International, 1991\ULibya: Amnesty International's prisoner concerns in the light of recent legal reforms New York Amnesty Internationala rights LibyaiAmnesty International, 1991.'Morocco: Amnesty International briefinge New York Amnesty InternationaleAI Index: MDE 29/02/91 corporal punishment rightsMoroccouAmnesty International, 1991ZTUnion of Myanmar Burma: Arrests and trials of political prisoners, January-July 1991 New York Amnesty International AI Index:ASA 06/10/91r rightsMyanmar1Amnesty International, 1992NGMalawi: Prison conditions, cruel punishment and detention without trial  New York, NY Amnesty International"conditions discipline rightsyA report investigates prison conditions, cruel punishment and detention without trial in the southeast African country of Malawi. Political prisoners in Malawi suffer generally poor prison conditions that, in some cases, amount to deliberately cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. Some convicted criminals are subjected to a special punishment regime--the so-called "hard-core program" in which they are reportedly kept naked and chained to the floor, given minimal food, denied medical care, and severely beaten. Many are reported to have died at Dzeleka and Nsanje prisons. At least 2 political detainees have died in recent months, apparently due to poor conditions. Authorities have held no inquests into these deaths, as required by Malawian law. An unknown number of detainees--by some accounts as many as 50, including 2 prisoners of conscience--were released in January 1992, following the release of 88 prisoners in 1991. More than 20 long-term political prisoners are still held, along with many other uncharged detainees--possibly more than 100. There is cause for concern about several more recent arrests with political overtones.a MalawiAmnesty International, 1992B;Egypt, security police detentions undermine the rule of lawt New YorkAI Index: MDE 12/01/92 Egypta Amnesty Internationals>7corporal punishment pretrial detention prisoners rightsiAmnesty International, 1992^XAfghanistan, reports of torture, ill-treatment and extrajudicial executions of prisoners New YorkAI Index: ASA 11/01/92>7capital punishment corporal punishment prisoners rightso Afghanistan Amnesty InternationalAmnesty International, 1992 New York Amnesty InternationalgAI Index: AMR 37/02/92 rightsHondurasF@"Disappearances" in Honduras: A wall of silence and indifferenceAmnesty International, 1992JDIsrael/South Lebanon: The Khiam detainees, torture and ill-treatment New York Amnesty InternationalAI index: MDE 15/08/92 corporal punishment rightsIsrael LebanonZYXWVUTS0RQPONMLKJAmnesty International, 1993China, update on torture New York Amnesty InternationalwAI Index: ASA 17/12/93 corporal punishment rights ChinaAmnesty International, 1993b\China: Torture and ill-treatment, comments on the additional report of the People's Republic New York Amnesty InternationalAI index: ASA 17/11/93 corporal punishment rights ChinasAmnesty International, 1993<5Cambodia: Human rights concerns July to December 1992 New York Amnesty InternationalAI Index: ASA 23/01/93 rightsCambodiaAmnesty International, 1993VOBrazil: "Death has arrived;" prison massacre at the Casa de Detencao, Sao Paulo New York Amnesty International AI Index: AMR 19/08/93 Brazil2,pretrial detention prisoner society violenceAmnesty International, 19940*Egypt: Human rights defenders under threat New York Amnesty InternationalAI Index: MDE 12/15/1994 Egypti4-corporal punishment pretrial detention rightsiAmnesty International, 19940)Algeria: Repression and violence must end New York Amnesty InternationaltAlgeriab4-corporal punishment pretrial detention rightsiAmnesty International, 1994*$Kuwait, three years of unfair trials New York Amnesty InternationalAI index: MDE 17/01/94 Kuwait pretrial detention rightsiAmnesty International, 1995F?Japan: Prisoners on death row wait for secret, random execution London Amnesty InternationalAI Index ASA 22/06/95conditions rights JapanAAmnesty International, 1995(!Amnesty International Report 1995l New York Amnesty International AI Index: POL 10/01/95>8rights corporal punishment capital punishment conditions~GlobalAmnesty International, 1995d^Democratic People's Republic of Korea North Korea: Human rights violations behind closed doors New York Amnesty InternationalxAI Index: ASA 24/12/95,%conditions corporal punishment rights2+Korea, Democratic People's Republic (North)Amnesty International, 199581Women in China: Imprisoned and abused for dissentd New York Amnesty InternationaliAI Index:ASA17/29/95prisoners womenc China5Amnesty International, 1995NGPeople's Republic of China: Persistent human rights violations in Tibet New York Amnesty InternationalAI Index: ASA 17/18/95 China:60corporal punishment pretrial detention prisonersAmnesty International, 1995HBAlbania, failure to end police ill-treatment and deaths in custody New York Amnesty InternationaliAI Index: EUR 11/04/95Albanial4-corporal punishment pretrial detention rightsiAmnesty International, 1995@:India, determining the fate of the 'disappeared' in Punjab New York Amnesty InternationaljAI Index: ASA 20/28/95 corporal punishment rights India Amnesty International, 1995.(Mongolia: Prison inmates starve to death New York Amnesty InternationalAI Index: ASA 30/02/95conditions health rightsMongoliaAmnesty International, 1996`ZKuwait, five years of impunity: Human rights concerns since the withdrawal of Iraqi forces New York Amnesty InternationalAI Index: MDE 17/01/96 Kuwait pretrial detention rightsiAmnesty International, 1997`YIsrael/South Lebanon, Israel's forgotten hostages: Lebanese detainees in Israel and Khiam New York Amnesty InternationalAI Index: MDE 15/18/97 Israel Jordanc pretrial detention rightsi 4 > Spaans, E. C. Verwers, C.n 1997JCElectronic monitoring in the Netherlands: results of the experimenta  The Haguet &Netherlands Ministry of Justice$probation/parole/alternativese\UA Dutch study investigates whether electronic monitoring can serve as a substitute for (part of) an unconditional prison sentence. Interview data were collected from 126 offenders who took part in an experiment carried out in 4 jurisdictions in the Netherlands from July 1995 to January 1997. Participants were either no longer eligible for an alternative sanction because of the seriousness of their offense, or they had spent at least half their term in a prison and were eligible for daytime detention. Electronic monitoring was found to pose a genuine restriction of liberty and was by no means considered to be an "easy option." The small number of persons who applied for or were sentenced to an alternative sanction plus electronic monitoring raises questions, however, about the workability of this modality for reducing the use of imprisonment.a Netherlandsa Spaans, E. C. 1998VPCommunity service in the Netherlands: its effects on recidivism and net-widening,%International Criminal Justice Reviewn8n 1-14$probation/parole/alternatives A review describes the major outcomes of recently conducted research into community service in the Netherlands, first introduced in 1981 to reduce the use of short-term imprisonment. The number of community service orders imposed annually increased from 213 in 1981 to 12,737 in 1995. In 1989, community service became the third principal penalty under the penal code. Two important objectives of community service--lower recidivism and the reduction of unconditional short-term imprisonment--have at best been only partially achieved. The effects of community service on recidivism do not differ much from those of suspended prison sentences of 6 months or less when imposed on "similar" offenders for similar offenses. Because work sentences are sometimes used as alternatives to other non-incarcerative sentences, community service seems to play only a modest role in the reduction of unconditional short-term imprisonment. NetherlandsP  Spens, Iona 1994$Architecture of incarceration London Academy Editionsarchitecture historyleDevelopments in the architectural design of prisons are analyzed in an illustrated anthology containing essays plus detailed descriptions of recently constructed and planned prisons in Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, the U.K. and the U.S. Thomas A. Markus ponders whether the history of prison design can serve as a guide for contemporary efforts. Peter Wayne discusses the psychological effects of spatial confinement. Leslie Fairweather addresses the nineteenth century roots of prison design in the twentieth century. Commentaries are provided by Cedric Price, Ian Ritchie, and Kisho Kurokawa.eJDCanada France Germany Netherlands Spain United Kingdom United States Spier, Philip 1997<5Conviction and sentencing of offenders in New Zealand  Wellington Ministry of Justicestatistics/research New Zealand Spierenburg, Pieter 1984^XThe emergence of carceral institutions: Prisons, galleys, and lunatic asylums, 1550-19004.Centrum voor Maatschappij Geschiedenis; vol 12  Rotterdamr Erasmus Universiteit history typestWestern EuropedcT, P. Devlieger, L. 1977TNDifferentiation of regimes and institutions in relation to dangerous prisonersLEStatistical study on the recidivism of prisoners released during 1961I Strasbourg, France >8Council of Europe - European Committee on Crime Problems types A major issue in the imprisonment of dangerous offenders concerns whether they should be concentrated in one institution or dispersed throughout the entire system of institutions. Countries which have not add(!Asia Crime Prevention Foundation, 1990D=Trends in criminality and criminal justice process in generalv<6Asian Journal of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice8n 176osystem descriptionThe Asia Crime Prevention Foundation was established in Tokyo in 1981 to promote coordination and cooperation among criminal justice administrators in Asia and elsewhere. For the first time its journal, previously published mainly in Japanese, appears also in English. Papers appearing in this issue were contributed by visiting experts and criminal justice officials who participated in the 1989-1990 International Training Courses and Seminars sponsored by the United Nations Asia and Far Institute for the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders. Part I, "Experts' Papers," includes: "Treatment of Offenders with Special Reference to the Implementation of the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisons in the Asia and Far East Region" by Hira Singh (India); Islamic Criminal Justice System: Legislation and Application" by Hassan El Sa'aty (Saudi Arabia); "The Problem of Imprisonment, Overcrowding of Prisons--the Search of Solutions" by H.G. Dharmadasa (Sri Lanka); "Prosecution Policy in England and Wales" by John Wood (U.K.); and "International Transfer of Prisoners" by Clair A. Cripe (U.S.). Part II, "Trends in Criminality and Criminal Justice Process in General," includes seminar participants' reports and statistical summaries from the Philippines (Benigno S. Dacanay), Thailand (Gritsin Kanoknark), Malaysia (Arthur Edmonds), Bangladesh (Md. Golam Kibria Bhuiyan), Zambia (Winter Archin Nyamamwita Kabwiku), Fiji (Josaia Naigulevu), and the Sudan (Azhary Khalil Mohemed).|Asia India Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka England and Wales Philippines United States Thailand Malaysia Bangladesh Zambia Fiji Sudan Asia Watch, 1991 Prison conditions in India New York Human Rights Watch A report on prison conditions in India is based on interviews conducted during a 2-week visit in 1990 and analysis of documents. The authors were denied access to Indian prisons. Anyone unfortunate enough to be arrested faces a far greater likelihood of torture, or worse, at the hands of the police than they do in many countries entirely lacking in the protection for civil liberties available in India. Once detainees have been sent to prisons and jails, they are confronted with a rigid class system that is mandated by law. Special privileges are accorded the minority of upper- or middle-class prisoners, irrespective of the crimes they may have committed or their behavior while incarcerated. Chapter topics include: women in police detention and in the prisons; "convict-officers"; overcrowding; health and medical care; punishment in the prisons; prisoners confined for politically motivated offenses; and India's human rights movement. Reforms are recommended to improve conditions in both police detention and the prisons. India*#conditions pretrial detention womenwhg8feLer, L. 1977TNDifferentiation of regimes and institutions in relation to dangerous prisonersLEStatistical study on the recidivism of prisoners released during 1961I Strasbourg, France >8Council of Europe - European Committee on Crime Problems ty Asia Watch, 1995 Prison conditions in Japan New York Human Rights Watch.(conditions corporal punishment prisonersA report highlights aspects of prison conditions in Japan, focusing on human rights violations. The findings are based on interviews with over 20 former inmates and others as well as reviews of government documents. Overall, conditions in the prison system violate basic tenets of international human rights laws. Japanese inmates experience routine violations of human rights, beginning at arrest and detention and continuing throughout the prison sentence. Moreover, prisoners often suffer from severe abuse inflicted by prison staff. Most problematic is the system's extreme rigidity and the failure to recognize that prisoners have any rights. While conditions are physically adequate, the draconian discipline, lack of human contact, and strict limits on contact with outsiders, attorneys and other prisoners, make the living conditions intolerable. In both prison and detention centers, prisoners are typically housed in spartan single cells; troublemakers are placed in particularly poor cells as a punitive measure. Solitary confinement is a common punishment for a variety of infractions including trivial ones; more serious violators may be beaten by the prison guards. Conditions on death row are particularly intolerable, and executions are held in secrecy. Isolation is even more acute among foreigners than for Japanese inmates. Recommendations are offered to bring Japanese prisons in compliance with international human rights laws. Japane& Australia Law Reform Commission, 1988$The Commonwealth Prisoners Act Canberra $Australian Govt. Pub. Servicei rights AustraliacD=Australia Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, 1992TMAboriginal deaths in custody: Response by governments to the Royal Commission Canberra .(Australian Government Publishing Service Between 1980 and 1989, 99 aboriginal or Torres Strait islander people died in the custody of police, prison or juvenile authorities in Australia. The Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in custody was jointly commissioned by the Commonwealth, the States and Northern Territory in 1987. The final report of the commission, presented to governments in 1991, set forth 339 recommendations for reform of law and justice systems. The present 3-volume document contains responses of governments to each of the recommendations. Australiaf6/indigenous people pretrial detention minoritiesiAvila Granados, Jesusi 1993& Mazmorras que han hecho historia Barcelona, Espana Planetahistory.'Central & Eastern Europe Western Europefk j4i 2Aymard, P. Devlieger, L. 1977TNDifferentiation of regimes and institutions in relation to dangerous prisonersLEStatistical study on the recidivism of prisoners released during 1961I Strasbourg, France >8Council of Europe - European Committee on Crime Problems types A major issue in the imprisonment of dangerous offenders concerns whether they should be concentrated in one institution or dispersed throughout the entire system of institutions. Countries which have not added specialized units to their range of institutions have adopted, essentially, one objective criterion for the definition of dangerousness the act for which an offenders is imprisoned or which he commits during imprisonment. Those regimes which have adopted the criterion of presumed dangerousness have most frequently established specialized prison units where, as a result of separation, the risks of disturbance to the prison community and of attacks on staff are reduced. Responding Council of Europe prison administrations have rejected the idea of concentrating all dangerous offenders in one institution and subscribe to the dispersal of dangerous prisoners either throughout traditional institutions or in specialized units. Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Iceland, Italy, and Norway disperse dangerous prisoners throughout penal institutions with satisfactory security norms. Where necessary, isolation arrangements are applied when certain prisoners prove to be temporarily unfit for community life. In three German provinces, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Austria, and France, dangerous offenders are put in institutions with a strict regime and then, if necessary, sent to small-sized special units. The regime applied in high-security institutions or units is never of a disciplinary nature. The emphasis is on remote or close-up observation and on isolation from the prison community. All that is reduced, controlled, or removed is the prisoner's freedom to move around while in p rison and to take part in community life. In Austria and Germany, the length of stay in a high-security wing is theoretically the same as the term of the sentence; in practice, the period varies, depending on the dangerousness of the prisoner. In the other countries the duration is not specified but depends on behavior and the ability to be reintegrated into a traditional type of prison. A ten-year follow-up study of 597 prisoners released from correctional institutions in Belgium in 1961 was conducted. Of the total sample, 235 or 39.4 per cent became recidivists within the ten-year period. Recidivism was defined as being convicted of a new offense and sentenced to a term of imprisonment of at least two months. The subjects ranged in age from 18 to over 60 years. The 18-21 age group had the highest rate of recidivism (51.9 per cent). Of those that recidivated, 28.5 per cent attained more than three new convictions in the ten-year period. Recidivism was most frequent in the first four years after release. Those released from closed institutions (prisons) had the highest rate of recidivism.~Global2,Azaola Garrido, Elena Jose Yacaman, Cristina 1996b\Las mujeres olvidadas: Un estudio sobre la situacion actual de las carceles de mujeres en la  Mexico, D.F. `YColegio de Mexico, Programa Interdisciplinario de Estudios de la Mujer: Comision Nacional6prisoners womeng Mexico&Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional,s 1988ZSLaporan penelitian aspek-aspek hukum yang mempengaruhi penerimaan bekas nara pidanat Jakartae :4Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, Departemen Kehakiman&policy rights treatment programr Indonesiaxw|vJu~tB;Beaumont, Gustave de Tocqueville, Alexis de Lieber, Francisg 1988TMOn the penitentiary system in the United States and its application in France  Philadelphia Carey, Lea & Blanchard history system description FranceBecerra, Alfredo 1994Fuga de los Estados  Buenos Aires  Caja Editorahistorye Argentinaa2+Ben, David Sarah Silfen, Peter Cohen, David 1996yFearful custodial or fearless personal relations: Prison guards' fear as a factor shaping staff-inmate relation prototypeLEInternational Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 402i 94-104prisoners staffrA study identifies some of the conditions that may account for differences in orientation and in staff-inmate relations in correctional institutions. Attention is on the relationship between 5 relationship prototypes: therapeutic, punitive, custodial, integrative and patronage; and anxiety resulting from personal, professional, and job insecurity. Self-report questionnaire data were collected from 50 staff members employed in the psychiatric ward of Ayalon prison, a maximum-security facility in Israel.i IsraelBensinger, Gad J.r 1983Prisons in IsraeldCorrections Today455a 56-58 conditions rightsIsrael's overcrowded prisons are often unfit for human habitation. They are bastions of violence and abuse where occupational facilities are virtually nonexistent and rehabilitation exists in name only. The country's correctional services predate establishment of the state in 1948. The prison system was originally set up in 1926 as part of the British mandatory police force and now comprises 15 institutions. Half the 6,300 inmates are Palestinian security prisoners incarcerated for terrorist activities or security breaches. Rising violence, pervasive homosexuality and the existence of the "Barn boss" or inmate enforcer system were first revealed by the Shimron Commission appointed in 1978. About 2,710 correctional officers were employed by the Prison Service in 1981, more than ever before. Despite close to a 2:1 ratio of inmates to officers, Israeli correctional administrators regard the system as seriously understaffed. A severe shortage of qualified personnel results from the high rate of resignations and the unattractivene- ss of correctional work in Israel. Conditions in two of the four maximum security prisons, Beer-Sheva and Ramle, are especially bad. Most of the 1,000 inmates in Beer-Sheva are idle most of the day and are locked in their cells, except for a few hours in the afternoon. The sewage system often overflows, drugs are smuggled into prison, and mice, mosquitoes and other pests are common. The Prison Service Investigation Committee reported that 500 of the 650 prisoners in Ramle are held in subhuman, overcrowded conditions. In all of the prisons, physical assaults, sexual attacks, invasions of privacy and thefts have become common. Most education and vocational programs are poorly attended and have little effect on the population. Social services have been hampered by poor relations between prison administrators and social workers. Promise is seen in a new approach in which businesses are invited to establish plants inside the prisons and pay standard worker's wages. Israel Bernheim, Hean Claudep 1987Suicide in prison' Quebec Editions du Meridien healthVOA study compares suicides in prison in Canada, France, Belgium and Switzerland.(!Canada France Belgium Switzerlandny.'Birkenmayer, Andrew C. Besserer, Sandrao 1997ZSSentencing in adult provincial courts: a study of nine jurisdictions: 1993 and 1994a Ottawa @9Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice StatisticsCstatistics/researcha CanadaBirtles, Terry B.P 1989$Prisoners' rights in Australia81Australian and New Zealand Journal of CriminologyD224202-212conditions rightssA review examines the impact of international human rights law on the treatment of prisoners in Australia. Because the country functions as a federal system, with all prisons operating according to independent penal codes, common standards at a national level can only be offered as guidelines, with considerable variation in interpretation from state to state. The Nagle Report of 1978 removed substantial Australian conservative restrictions against prison reform and has paved the way for more effectual Australian commitment to its international human rights obligations. Despite accomplishments in the area of prisoners' rights, there is no room for complacency. If standards now in a draft of Minimum Standard Guidelines for Corrections in Australia and New Zealand are to be achieved, public attitudes, police practice (including military police), political and legislative support, judicial action, media coverage and prison staff training programs need further reform.uAustralia New Zealand  vBoutellier, J. C. J. 1998$Re-integration of ex-offenders60European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research62167-277i release treatment programThis issue of the journal features 6 previously unpublished papers on the community reintegration of ex-offenders, particularly in Europe. Editor J.C.J. Boutellier offers a brief introduction. George Burns highlights the importance to community reintegration of aiding ex-offenders with their employment and housing needs. Andrew McCall asserts that reintegration programs should meet the range of offenders' needs, be linked to the labor market, and provide continuity into the community. Nancy Louks et al. describe the Coping with Convictions Unit, a Northern Ireland project established in 1995 to encourage employers to employ ex-offenders. Peter Ph. Nelissen analyzes survey data on prisoners' attitudes toward rehabilitation in the Netherlands. Alison Rieple discusses the potential for motivating ex-offenders to establish their own businesses. Fred Hoogenboom describes Dutch programs to integrate ex-prisoners into the labor market.(!Netherlands Northern Ireland (UK)oBowery, Margaret 1992@:National prisons HIV Peer Education Program: An evaluation Sydney NHNew South Wales Department of Corrective Services, Research & Statisticseducation healthA study evaluates the National Prisons HIV Peer Education Program (PPEP) in Australia, designed to prevent the spread of HIV in the inmate population by providing information, skills and attitudes necessary to avoid infection. Topics cover: the workshop manual; implementation; participant characteristics; selection process; and perceptions of workshop effectiveness. Recommendations are provided. Australia- .'Brana, Shute Rosemary Brana, Shute Gary  1980,%Crime and punishment in the Caribbean Gainesville, FLn >7University of Florida Center for Latin American Studies&policy system description womeny The rapid growth of crime and violence in the Caribbean poses dramatic challenges to citizens and governments. The papers compiled in this anthology examine various aspects of crime and punishment in the Caribbean. In the first paper, Delroy Chuck examines sentencers and how they perform the job of sentencing in the Commonwealth Caribbean, with particular reference to Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. Chuck reviews who the sentencers are, their training, the range of sentences available, the aim of the sentences, the sentencer's decision-making processes and the factors to be considered in making a sentencing decision, and sentencing reform. Dudley Allen examines urban crime and violence in Jamaica. In developing countries such as Jamaica, crime in its various forms of personal and public violence, organized racketeering, currency frauds, and drugs is behind much of what is detrimental in society. Allen presents detailed data on violent crimes in Jamaica from 1960 77. In a second paper, he argues that violent crime in Jamaica affects in equal proportions people from all segments of society, and any coherent preventive measure operates in the interests of Jamaican society as a whole. Kenneth Pryce and Daurius Figueira present a statistical examination of the correlation between rape and urbanization and population concentration in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. They then consider a number of factors related to social class that determine the pattern of the phenomenon, and argue that rape, although occurring in the middle and upper classes as well, is predominantly a lower-class phenomenon expressing an attempt to establish manhood at the expense of economically unprotected lower-class women. The disabilities of the female victim under the law in Trinidad and Tobago are examined, and a reform of the law of rape is advocated. Rafael Santos del Valle addresses aspects of the relationship between urban crime and violence in Puerto Rico and the development of a coherent public policy. Salient features of the sociohistorical background of urban crime and violence are discussed, and a description is given of some major government responses to the problems of crime and violence in Puerto Rico. Max Carr e profiles the state of criminology in Haiti. Michael Parris provides an overview of urban crime and violence in Guyana, and in a second paper describes the Guyanese prison population and the programs available to inmates. A. Leerschool-Liong A. Jin reviews research designed to study whether and how the forced migration of 5,000 6,000 Bush Negroes in Suriname has changed social, legal, and criminological aspects of their lives. J. M. M. Binda presents data on murders committed from 1965 78 by women in Suriname.s^XCaribbean South America Barbados Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago Puerto Rico Guyana Suriname, Brand, Koolen M. J. M. 1987("Studies on the Dutch prison system("Dutch Studies on Crime and Justice  Amstelveen Kugler:3policy staff statistics/research system descriptionAn anthology, the first in a series on Dutch criminal justice, is intended to present the work of the government's Research and Documentation Centre to a wider international audience. Included are previously published and unpublished essays and studies. The Dutch prison system is known for short sentences: 80% of them less than 6 months, and another 10% in the 6-12 month range. Currently, about 4,900 offenders are undergoing some form of deprivation of liberty, an average of 30-35 inmates per 100,000 population. Though this rate is somewhat lower than 10 years ago, the government has announced construction of 5 more prisons, a controversial policy. Rehabilitation has been largely abandoned as a goal of prison policy and replaced by less ambitious objectives. Included are: "The Dutch penal system -- an introductory note" by Maria Brand-Koolen; "Impressions of an Australian visitor" by Tony Vinson, Marisca Brouwers and Marianne Sampiemon; "Prison policy and penological research in the Netherlands" by Andre Rook and Brand-Koolen; "The impact of medium-term incarceration: a comparative exploration" by Bart van der Linden; "'De Sprang" -- an evaluation of a special regime in a remand center" by Bert Berghuis; and "Management strategies and tactics" by Vinson, Brouwers and Sampiemon. Also included are: "Views of prison officers" by Vinson, Brouwers and Sampiemon; "Leave from prison" by Rook and Jos Verhagen; "Detention at the Government's pleasure: a follow-up study of patients released from the Dr. Henri Van der Hoeven Clinic" by Jos van Emmerik; "Recidivism among mentally disordered offenders detained at the Government's pleasure (TBR). A report of a follow-up study of patients discharged between 1974 and 1979" by van Emmerik; "The Alcohol Program: an educational program for drunken drivers in prison" by Rob Bovens; "Drug users in remand centers" by Lorijn Meijboom; and "Ethnic minorities in Dutch confinement" by Brand-Koolen. Netherlands HABraswell, Michael C. Montgomery, Reid H., Jr. Lombardo, Lucien X.v 1994 Prison violence in America  Cincinnati Anderson  2nd4-administration prisoners riots security staffdAn anthology includes historical and contemporary accounts of prison violence, and analyzes a variety of personal harms inflicted inside prisons. Sections address: reflections on the experience of prison violence; interpersonal violence, including inmate-on-inmate violence, and correctional administration, staff, and prison violence; collective violence and prison riots; and strategies for dealing with prison violence. United Statest*#Braybrook, Beverley Southey, Pamela. 1992$Census of prison inmates 1991  Wellington :3Department of Justice, Policy and Research Divisionl$prisoners statistics/researchnRKA survey of inmates incarcerated in New Zealand prisons during 1991 includes remand prisoners, and inmates in custody for default in paying fines. Characteristics examined include: age and ethnicity; sentence length; prior incarcerations; current offense; criminal history; traffic offenders; classification status; gang membership and affiliation; psychological and psychiatric treatment; medication; dependent children; work parole; home leave; programs; employment; protective custody; deportations; young offenders; earnings on release; and comparisons with previous prison censuses.r New ZealandaD*@lo itelji dru benega vzdusja v kazenskih zavodih v SR Sloveniji (Indicators of social climate in correctional institutions of SR Slovenia)0)Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijor364v304-317sprisoner society Life in correctional institutions is still a secret. As only few people know what is in fact going on behind the prison gate, society can not exercise any influence on what happens to convic"Bridgwood, Ann Malbon, Gilli 199560Survey of the physical health of prisoners, 1994 London &Her Majesty's Stationery Office health(!A survey provides information on the health and health-related behavior of sentenced male prisoners in England and Wales during 1994. Approximately 1,000 sentenced men, aged 16 and over, were interviewed in 32 prison establishments. Findings report degree of chronic illness or disability; contacts with physicians; use of prescription medicines; health-related behaviors as cigarette smoking, drinking, drug use, and physical activity; diet and eating habits; and physiological and anthropormetric measures as height, weight and blood pressure.eEngland & Wales. Brill, Julie 1988 Washington, DC  Asia Watch rights Korea, Republic of (South)\VAssesing reform in South Korea: A supplement to the Asia Watch report on Legal process  Brinc, Franc 1976XROrganization, methods of work and efficiency of assistance provided to ex-convicts NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Law44,%probation/parole/alternatives releaser*$Research report with English summarySlovenia  Ljubljana  Brinc, Franc 1979XRSome characteristics of implementation of prison sentence in France and Yugoslavia NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Law51 policyFrance Yugoslavia*$Research report with English summary  Ljubljanal  Brinc, Franc 1982|vImplementation of prison sentence in open and half-way correctional institutions in the Socialist Republic of Slovenia NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Lawg64 policy*$Research report with English summarySlovenia  Ljubljana Brinc, Franc 1984d]Kazenski zavod kot terapevtsko okolje (Correctional institution as a therapeutic environment)\0)Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijo\344319-331jtreatment programAccording to its basic corrective orientation, a correctional institution can be punitive or rehabilitative, the first orientation excluding the second. In order to establish which orientation Slovene correctional institutions are closer to in practice, we chose 8 correctional institutions and departments (closed, halfway and open) and using Moos' questionnaire for measuring the social climate (Moos Correctional Institution Environmental Scale, Form C) interviewed 308 correctional workers and 358 convicts. We concluded that male convicts in all the institutions got the highest scores in items of control, which indicates that these institutions are still mostly oriented to the control function. Consequently, correctional institutions satisfactory perform their function of protecting society against delinquents during the execution of their sentence, but are much less successfull in rehabilitating the offenders. In this respect, there are only very small differences between closed, halfway and open correctional institutions. Open institutions do not have a more rehabilitative orientation although there is less control in these institutions than in closed ones. Correctional institutions are no longer classical punitively oriented institutions institutions although there are not rehabilitative institutions either. As correctional institutions have not yet become therapeutic environments, the expectation that correctional institutions must correct convicts in unrealisable.SloveniaBF Franc 1990ZSVloga delva v prevzgoji obsojencev (Role of work in the rehabilitation of convicts)z0)Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijoc413c185-196 laborxqThe fundamental question of this issue is the penological aspect of prison labour. What can work offer to convicts in addition to what it provides to ordinary w Brinc, Franc 1984rlObsojen eva percepcija delavcev kazenskega zavoda (Inmate's perception of staff in correctional institution)0)Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijo353j224-235n staffNGReciprocal social perception in correctional institutions influences the behavior of correctional personnel and prisoners, determining so a quality of relations established between a prison staff and convicts. In correctional institutions we can distinguish two basic roles assumed by correctional workers: they are either treatment or custody oriented and it is according to the perception of one ofr other role that correctional personnel and convicts behave. The fundamental social climate in an institution is created by correctional staff who with its power creates and shapes a quality and quantity of mutual relations. Notably important are attitudes of custodial staff toward convicts. By interviewing 358 convicts in closed and open correctional institutions in SR Slovenia it was stated that convicts perceive the favourably instructors (64% of positive perceptions), while educators and guards are both equally negatively perceived (52% of negative perceptions). This indicates that prisoners do not refuse only guards but also educators. According to the estimations of prisoners, guards are more equitable than educators, have better understanding of convicts' problems, and their deeds are more in accordance with their words when compared with educators. There is no difference in perception of correctional personnel between closed and open correctional institutions. In order to improve mutual perception between correctional staff and convicts, a professional training of prison workers is considered to be necessary as well as modification of their attitude and positions toward convicts.eSlovenia Brinc, Franc 1985Dolo itelji dru benega vzdusja v kazenskih zavodih v SR Sloveniji (Indicators of social climate in correctional institutions of SR Slovenia)0)Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijor364v304-317sprisoner society Life in correctional institutions is still a secret. As only few people know what is in fact going on behind the prison gate, society can not exercise any influence on what happens to convicts during the implementation of a prison sentence. Research on the social climate in correctional institutions in Slovenia (using Moos' questionnaire, form CIES, 86 questions) indicated that correctional institutions make too great an effort to maintain order and organization in institutions and that they supervise convicts too strictly. This restrains above all their autonomy and reduces their expressivity. Not enough attention is paid to providing help to convicts in solving their personal problems. According to the attitudes of convicts democratic treatment orientation is the most important element of social climate. Equally important for convicts is how they are treated by prison staff. This, however, is not determined by regulations but depends on attitudes, values and philosophy of life of correctional workers. According to the opinions of correctional workers social climate is determined by variables indicating formal organization of correctional institutions. Thus, the most important factors are the maintenance of order and organization in institutions as well as supervision of convicts. For this reason it is not possible to expect rehabilitation of convicts in institutions with strict supervision. Social climate in these institutions is unfavourable, which has negative implications on emotions and personality of convicts and prison workers.cSloveniaX" Brinc, Franc 1985xqVsebinska usmeritev delovanja slovenskih kazenskih zavodov (Conceptual orientation of Slovene penal institutions) 0)Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijo363207-221 policy6Slovenia  Brinc, Franc 1988ZSImplementation of short-term prison sentences in the Socialist Republic of Slovenia NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Law81 policy*$Research report with English summarySlovenia  Ljubljanam  Brinc, Franc 1989Work in prison NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Lawi84 laborn*$Research report with English summarySlovenia  Ljubljana Brinc, Franc 1990ZSVloga delva v prevzgoji obsojencev (Role of work in the rehabilitation of convicts)z0)Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijoc413c185-196 laborxqThe fundamental question of this issue is the penological aspect of prison labour. What can work offer to convicts in addition to what it provides to ordinary workers? Does prison labour have some other objectives and are these objectives supposed to have a certain effect during the implementation of penal sanctions or only after the prisoner's release? How can we establish what are in fact these purposes and how could they be accomplished? Throughout the world there have been many disillusions because the expectations concerning rehabilitative value of prison labour did not materialize. Even after adopting a different attitude regarding rehabilitative aspects of labour, the prisoners' work remains the core of penitentiary regime. Prison labour has alway been a means of treatment or of the contents which was understood under the concept of treatment. For this reason, prison labour has been subjected during the history to numerous changes (labour as punishment, labour as an element of penalty, labour as a means of treatment and work as a value per se). Today no specific rehabilitative purpose has been assigned to prison labour. Rather, it is considered as a normal activity of everyday existence, so at the freedom as well as in the period during imprisonment. Prison labour has not been any more a punishment for the crime committed but rather a means to help convicts to serve their time, prevent physical and mental decline and facilitate their social reintegration after having served their sentence. When properly organized, prison labour also has economic advantages for the convict, the correctional institution and society. Slovenia Brinc, Franci 1990& Delo obsojencev (Work in prison)0)Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijol411 12-23 labor7Slovenia Brinc, Franci 1990>8Resocializacija obsojencev (Rehabilitation of prisoners)Penoloski bilten8a3 23-38treatment programSlovenia   Brinc, Franc 1990HBPrisoners' rights and their protection in the Republic of Slovenia NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Lawn93 rights*$Research report with English summarySlovenia  LjubljanaF Brinc, Franci 1991~x(Demokrati na) Slovenia naj zagotovi zapornikom ve pravic ((Democratic) Slovenia should ensure more rights to prisoners)Penoloski bilten9h 1-2 1-25 rightsSlovenia Brinc, Franci 1991lfPravice zapornikov in njihovo varstvo v Sloveniji (Prisoners' rights and their protection in Slovenia)0)Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijoh421 3-15 rights8Slovenia  Brinc, Franc 19914-Penological aspects of recidivism in Slovenias NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Law95 recidivism*$Research report with English summarySlovenia  Ljubljanaa  Brinc, Franc 1994Capacities of correctional institutions, and living and working conditions (standards) of life for pre-trial detainees and convicts in the Republic of Slovenia NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Law 109*$Research report with English summarySlovenia  Ljubljana.'conditions pretrial detention prisonerso Brinc, Franc 1995zProstorske zmogljivosti in standard kazenskih zavodov (Accomodation capacities and standards of correctional institutions)0)Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijo462n147-159 policyA correctional institution is a sensitive social instituion in which different people with different needs are assembled in a relatively small space. The essential feature of a correctional institution is the compulsory common life of people. Accommodation, sanitary and hygienic standards of the people incarcerated in correctional institutions are set by the state, which demonstrates in this way also its attitude toward inmates and correctional staff. Formulation of accommodation, sanitary and hygienic standards is in the interest of pretrial detainees, inmates, as well as correctional workers, who work in the worst conditions of all state officials. In order to establish the conditions in correctional facilities, questionnaires were completed by 7 correctional institutions, 116 pretrial detainees and 96 prison inmates. Answers indicated that correctional institutions were aware of inadequate accommodation, sanitary and hygienic standards of incarcerated persons and that they were planning to improve the present conditions. In the future, correctional institutions will try to reach 7 square meters of surface and 16 cube meters of volume in cells. According to these norms, Slovenia at present disposes of 1022 places for incarcerated persons in all correctional facilities. Correctional institutions can comply with many of detainees' and inmates' wishes by meeting their basic human needs.Slovenia  Brinc, Franc 1995NGSocial climate in correctional institutions in the Republic of Sloveniat NGUniversity of Ljubljana; Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Law 112"conditions prisoner societyr*$Research report with English summary  Ljubljana.Dando, Shigemitsun 19914-Shikei haishiron (Abolition of Death penalty)n Tokyos Yuhikaku capital punishment policys JapanDanielsson, Mariah 1995ngStatistics on the prison and probation systems of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden for 1991 and 1992 Norrkoping, Sweden 2+Swedish Prison and Probation Administrationo4.minorities prisoners women statistics/researchb[A report provides statistics on prison and probation systems in the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden for the years 1991 and 1992. The introduction cautions that strict numerical comparability between countries is difficult. Topics include types of prisoners; per capita incarceration rates; yearly intake of sentenced prisoners and probationers; numbers of female prison inmates; proportion of foreign citizens incarcerated; youthful inmates; escapes from prison; staffing; capacity of closed, open, and remand prisons; prison size; and proportional use-rate of prison beds.l0)Sweden Denmark Finland Norway Scandinaviah6/Davies, Malcolm Takala, Jukka Pekka Tryer, Janes 1996voPenological Esperanto and sentencing parochialism: a comparative study of the search for non-prison punishmentse  Aldershot, UK  Dartmouth81probation/parole/alternatives statistics/research tnA cross-cultural study compares the use of community-based sentences in California, England and Finland. Data were obtained from focus group discussions with criminal justice officials (N=73 in California; N=58 in UK; and N=38 in Finland). While there was universalistic convergence with respect to the modes of punishment, local factors determined the distribution of punishment, or the way in which these sanctions were used in practice. Thus, California officials felt that community sanctions held little potential for replacing incarceration on a large scale. Respondents in Finland, which was experiencing a long decline in prison population, were more optimistic about using community sanctions as an incarceration alternative. Subjects in the U.K. and U.S. evidenced a long history of distrust toward the traditionally "soft" rehabilitative focus of community sanctions.*$Finland United Kingdom United Statesde Borst, Erik J.  1992RKComment: Professionalism and loyalty in the implementation of prison policy,%International Criminal Justice Review27119-128 staffeAn essay explores issues raised by conflicts between staff members' professional ethics and their cooperation in enforcing prison policy. These issues have arisen because of increased use of professional staff members, such as social workers, medical personnel, social service specialists and others, in high-security prisons in the Netherlands since 1990. Policymakers at both the central government and local levels are attempting to cope with the conflict between loyalty and professionalism. In consultation with the professional staff, policymakers at a central ministerial level should develop a framework within which a response to local circumstances and demands could be allowed. The authority to depart from general policy at the local level should also be allowed at the national level. Professional prison social officers, like front-line social workers, should also be allowed freedom to adequately respond to the differences among prisoners, and to changing needs and circumstances. NetherlandstDe Tavira, Juan Pablos 199660Why Almoyola? Analysis of a correctional project Col. Del Valle, Mexico Editorial Diana.'history prisoner society security staffd]A prison administrator surveys the last 25 years of Mexican correctional history, with particular attention to prison gangs, violence, drug trafficking, corruption of correctional officers and other enduring problems. His reasons for designing the correctional facility at Almoloya are explained, and a history of this model institution is provided.a MexicoDeaglio, Enricob 1995^WRapporto degli ispettori europei sullo stato delle carceri in Italia: Che vale anche dai Palermo Sellerio prisoners ItalyC<^;:98 Kangaspunta, Kristiina 1995HACrime and criminal justice in Europe and North America, 1986-1990+ Publication Series No. 25i Helsinki, Finland4 ^WEuropean Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nationsvstatistics/researchmProvides analysis of data from the Fourth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends (1986-1990) including prison population figures.~Global Kangaspunta, Kristiina 1995F@Profiles of criminal justice systems in Europe and North America Publication Series No. 26f Helsinki, Finland3 ^WEuropean Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nationss,&statistics/research system descriptionZTContains brief descriptions of European and North American criminal justice systems.B7Central & Eastern Europe England & Wales Western Europe Council of Europe, 1990Education in prison: Recommendation No. R 89 12, adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on 13 October 1989 and explanatory memorandumi  Strasbourg Council of Europe education policy~GlobalCCouncil of Europe, 1994RLRights of persons deprived of their liberty: Equality and non-discrimination  Strasbourg Council of Europe pretrial detention rights~Global Council of Europe, 1995`YPrison and criminological aspects of the control of transmissible diseases including Aids  Strasbourg Council of Europe health~GlobalGCouncil of Europe, 1995LEHuman rights in prison: The professional training of prison officialsi  Strasbourg Council of Europe  rights staff~GlobaldCourtemanche, AndreP 1997.(Pieges et deontologie en milieu carceral Montreal Meridien Canada.(Cregan, Jan Kippax, Susan Crawford, June 1996RLSex, contagion, control: prison officers vs condoms in New South Wales gaolsNHAustralian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 29, (3), pp. 227 246. health staffA review explores the history of HIV/AIDS policy in the New South Wales (AUS) Department of Corrective Services, along with related struggles between the department and its custodial officers. Three major themes--sex, contagion and control--are fundamental to prison officers' anti-condom position. The political and economic conditions that are conducive to the spread of HIV/AIDS, or that obstruct its prevention, are the industrial, political and moral agendas of all participants. AustralianPICuevas Sosa, Andres Alejandro Mendieta Dimas, Rosario Salazar Cruz, Elviai 19922,La mujer delincuente: Bajo la ley del hombre  Mexico, D.F. Editorial Pax Mexico womene Mexico"D'Almeida, Noely Manfredinia 199360Em duplo estigma: O menor dos moleques do Brasil Rio de Janeiro Qualitymark Editorahealth prisoners BrazilDadie, Bernard Binlinc 1981Carnet de prison Abidjana Ceda prisoners- Cote d'Ivoireg Damousi, Joy 1997ZTDepraved and disorderly: female convicts, sexuality and gender in Colonial Australia Cambridge, England Cambridge University Presshistory prisoners women2 Australia$ner 1988NGThe social effects of imprisonment on male prisoners and their familiest  Wellington 4-Institute of CriminoDealing with . . . , 1984("Dealing with prisoners' grievances$British Journal of Criminology242e 15-167 rightsIn Sweden, Denmark, and England, existing mechanisms for dealing with prisoners' complaints seem unsatisfactory. Internal mechanisms are not independent and so may not be regarded as fair by the aggrieved prisoner. They may be dealt with more from the standpoint of upholding authority than from achieving a fair result. Bureaucratic or peer group concerns may take priority over the merits of the case. External mechanisms may not be sufficiently accessible to prisoners, either through direct restriction such as the requirement that internal remedies be pursued first, or limitations on the jurisdiction of the external body or through indirect restriction, such as the expense of taking proceedings or difficulty in obtaining information on which to base an action. Even where procedures are utilized, the remedies available may be inappropriate or insufficient, such as an apology rather than monetary compensation or an unduly limited change in practice. However, the most important limitation on a prisoner obtaining redress is the reluctance of the external body to grant it. Such reluctance is apparent in all three countries; for example, it is seen in the extremely low success rate of prisoners' cases in Sweden, and in the difficulty of invoking the courts' jurisdiction in England and Denmark. Behind such reluctance there seems to be the view that the prison authorities are experts whose decisions should not be upset by non-experts.$Denmark England & Wales SwedenDeane, Heather 1988NGThe social effects of imprisonment on male prisoners and their familiest  Wellington 4-Institute of Criminology, Victoria University*$prisoners treatment program visiting60A study conducted in New Zealand examines the social effects of imprisonment on male prisoners and their families from their own viewpoints. Interviews were conducted with 89 sentenced medium-term inmates and the family members they designated as closest to them. Many of the families had difficulty at the court stage, possibly because 29 of them had no previous custodial experience and were uninformed of the procedures to be followed at the time of sentencing. These families were both confused and upset, with no one to tell them where their relative would be placed, when they could see him and where they could go for social welfare assistance or counseling. In almost all cases, the women with children experienced financial strain that affected the frequency of visiting and created other worries. In more than half of all cases, the extended family was supportive both monetarily and emotionally. However, support usually diminished if the men continued to reoffend. Family members indicated that PARS, the major organization established to assist prisoners and their families, was active in each of the prisons. Yet direct help to families was provided in a primarily ad hoc fashion. Steps are outlined for improving services and assistance for prisoners' families and for facilitating prison visiting and home leave. New Zealand4-Degani, Miriam Gorla, Aldo Mastinu, Angelo A.x 1982NHRecinti macchine ed altri disegni: Spazio e territorio delle istituzioni Milano Unicopliarchitecture historyWestern Europe" "Duffield, Ian Bradley, James 1997PJRepresenting convicts: new perspectives on convict forced labour migration London Leicester University Presshistory prisoners2 Australia England & Wales Duguid, Stephen 1990.'Yearbook of correctional education 1990 Burnaby, Canadal <5Simon Fraser University, Institute for the Humanities"education treatment programe The latest edition of the "Yearbook of Correctional Education" features articles on: research, teaching and analysis; current issues (prison education, curriculum considerations for the incarcerated handicapped learner, evaluation); programming (staff development, day detention, education in the community); current research as an emerging discipline; and the international scene (prison education and vocational training in Australia, Austria, England, France, Hong Kong, Ireland, Northern Ireland and Sri Lanka). TMAustralia Austria England France Hong Kong Ireland Northern Ireland Sri Lanka &Duguid, Stephen Fox, Tricia A.l 1998 Prison education in Canada@:Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 27, (1/2), pp. 87 121.27 1/2 87-121 educationA special section of the journal comprises 2 papers on prisoner education in Canada. Stephen Duguid et al. present positive results from a 3-year study of the impact on recidivism of post-secondary education in the British Columbia federal prisons. Tricia A. Fox describes the use of adult education principles and practices advocated by Knowles (1980) in the Adult Basic Education and General Educational Development classes of a Canadian federal institution. CanadaDunkel, F. Vagg, J.g 1994Waiting for triale $Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany LEMax Planck Institute fur Auslandisches und Internationales Strafrecht 2The seminar had three primary objectives: to gather information on how untried persons are treated in different countries; to consider how the empirical differences that emerged could be explained; and to delineate the legal, administrative, and organizational arrangements that would best fulfill international human rights standards. The 11 broad topic areas addressed by these papers include police powers to detain suspects prior to their being charged or brought before a court; rights and discretionary powers of suspects placed in this type of police custody; exceptional police powers to detain allegedly dangerous categories of suspects; accountability mechanisms; the decisionmaking apparatus; trends in the use of custody and bail; the legal, administrative, and organizational arrangements and responsibilities for pretrial and presentence custody; the rights of pretrial and presentence prisoners compared to sentenced inmates; conditions in custody; special provisions for minority categories of pretrial and presentence prisoners; and initiatives to increase the use of bail and reduce the use of pretrial and presentence custody. The countries covered in these two volumes include Belgium, Denmark, Germany, England and Wales, France, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Central and South America, Columbia/ Peru/Bolivia (with special reference to drug and terrorist legislation), Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Russia, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, South Africa, Czech Republic, Turkey, Hungary, the U.S., and the People's Republic of China. Two additional chapters cover the perspectives on these issues of the United Nations and the Quaker Council of European Affairs.Belgium Denmark Germany England and Wales France Greece Hong Kong India Central America South America Columbia Peru Bolivia Netherlands Austria Poland Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland Spain South Africa Czech Republic Turkey Hungary United States China*$conditions pretrial detention rights 8 Dornik, Marko 1988`ZMo ali nemo skupinske terapije v zaporu (Strength and weakness of group therapy in prison)Penoloski bilten6n 1-2 5-16treatment programSlovenia& Doyle, Aaron Ericson, Richard V. 1996F@Breaking into prison: News sources and correctional institutions&Canadian Journal of Criminology-382155-190 mediaiA study examines how news of prisons is produced in Canada. Data were collected from: 18 interviews with corrections officials, alternative news sources and media workers; review of the literature; and from prison news stories. Correctional authorities recognize that they cannot exert strict control over prison news. These officials are only intermittently successful in managing news coverage of prisons because journalists have access to a variety of alternative, critical news sources, including anonymous officials, guards, inmates and non-governmental organizations. Moreover, corrections officials are often in the position of controlling damage from "bad news" from other sources. The Kingston-Whig Standard has maintained a high standard of critical coverage of prison despite a sometimes difficult relationship with correctional authorities. Overall, the news media are more open, diverse, and pluralistic in their coverage of criminal justice than is contended by some dominant ideology theorists.e Canada <6Duff, Anthony Marshall, Sandra Dobash, Rebecca Emerson 1994NGPenal theory and practice: Tradition and innovation in criminal justice  Manchester "Manchester University Pressadministration policy2,Proceedings of a Fulbright Colloquium held in 1992 examine the crisis in penal policy and the relationship of sanctions to crime in the U.K. and the U.S. The goals and prospects of sentencing reform and proportionality are discussed by Andrew von Hirsch, with particular reference to the British Criminal Justice Act of 1991. Michael Cavadino characterizes the penal crisis in the U.K. as both a material crisis of resources and an ideological crisis of legitimacy. Michael Tonry argues against a strong proportionality approach as likely to cause injustice and impede the development of intermediate sanctions. Ian Brownlee's response defends a distribution of punishments based on strong proportionality. Paul H. Robinson discusses the tension between punishment based on desert versus crime control, and outlines a sentencing system that may satisfy both desert and crime prevention goals. Hans Toch's essay on prison policy in the 1990s proposes sanctions that would be responsive to public opinions and preferences. Rod Morgan advocates a more prescriptive statutory framework, with an active judiciary to ensure the provision of decent prison conditions. The concept of a customer-focused prison service in Scotland is elaborated by Ed Wozniak. Bill McWilliams describes the changing aims of the English probation system. Gill McIvor reviews progress and prospects for community service in the U.K. The use of fines is analyzed by Peter Young. Marjory D. Fields assesses criminal justice responses to domestic abuse. David Morran and Monica Wilson describe an innovative criminal justice response to domestic violence in Scotland. James Dignan discusses the potential role of reintegration through reparation in a restorative criminal justice system in the U.K. Tony F. Marshall describes grassroots initiatives aimed at restorative justice. Joe Sim documents the history of and British perspective on abolishing penal institutions. Andrew Rutherford suggests a number of questions concerning the effects of abolitionism in Great Britain. Barbara A. Hudson discusses punishing the poor."United Kingdom United StatesDunkel, Frieder 1995d^Imprisonment in transition: The situation in the new states of the Federal Republic of Germany$British Journal of Criminology351 95-113administrationAn essay and review describes the situation of the prison system in the new federal states of Germany after the reunification in 1990. The prison administration in Germany is decentralized: I.e., the 5 new federal states are responsible for establishing a new structure for prison staff, buildings and regimes. The transfer of staff members from West to East Germany led to a transfer of different prison styles based on the regimes in the old states. Further complicating the matter is the difficulty of implementing the West German approach of social welfare and the treatment philosophy of the Prison Act of 1977, for which the prison staff of the former German Democratic Republic is unprepared. The main concern of East German authorities is security rather than facility improvement.yGermanye&East Timor Human Rights Centre, 1997@:Human rights violations at Becora Prison, Dili, East Timor  Fitzroy, Vic. $East Timor Human Rights Centre rights IndonesiaEasteal, Patricia Weiser 1992B