• Community crime prevention councils, with joint planning shared between housing authorities, social services, schools and police, that have reduced crime by 15 per cent in France.

• programme supported by the British Crime Prevention Unit of the Home Office where police, social workers, cities and university researchers worked together to analyse the causes of residential breakins and to implement remedies. These remedies reduced breakins from one in four houses to one in eight a year later and by 75 per cent over four years. Another example of a successful initiative has been the 1994 initiative entitled "Planning Out Crime".

• Scientific evaluations of demonstration projects on which the Crime Prevention Directorate of the Ministry of Justice of the Netherlands spends 10 per cent of its budget. A crime prevention project in public housing, for instance, showed a 50 per cent reduction in the first year of implementation.

• School programmes that have reduced school violence by 50 per cent in Norway. School violence prevention curricula have added to this success in many schools in Europe, North America and Australia and New Zealand.

• Headstart, a preschool programme for youth at risk, which has reduced the proportion of youths in the United States who become adults with five arrests from 35 per cent to 7 per cent, thus saving $7 in welfare and policing costs for every $1 invested.

• A unit established by a policing service in the United States to identify the factors generating interpersonal crime in highrisk areas. The unit worked with both municipal and private agencies to change certain factors; the public housing project, for instance, reduced burglary by 50 per cent.

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