WPC 8я8-OپHvǍG/J,c@a:q~P xεUEq^ 0[)3ʙP2-2ma'[WQԮb4G2dAZ7&ބC|BU3:)ͺKag9ٞC]Z$yja]4ߜKٯ4Ϸ^8X)w<@$"bPK9AF0Qs6%-S/ڷ9T~û>-`fB#hۛ]!mbJ[V:g{ET۔êVkO-lR1\hcAiCTr$( 0c? 0-@ 0@ 0A 0B 0dC 0(D 0D 0E 0F 04G 0G 0H 0QI 0J 0J 0K 0sL 0L 0M 0N 0vYOOnORSg,UVnWRSXZ`\P^43`*gacge,{ghLjlmnQoIpmFrLttWvkwyzA|PI|}~V'}: m<rSŇUHNnCŒy 0df~I֖@[ b UN&*<[[>7 u{ 0}3Q*ݨfUNmUNUNpMUN 0c n 0~ 0x 0k 0k 0U 0~ 0m 0> 0" 0Ⱥ 0  0ɼ 01 0C 0V[ 0 0 0$ 0 0 0G 0 0 0~ 0! 0 0 0 0  0 01 0D 0z- 0 1 0 0< 0  0= 0F 0PG 1 0* 0 0 0^ 0 0 0o 0 0 0z 0G* 0aq 0g 0u9 0 0; 0 0>U 0m 0m 0m 0A 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0~8 D+ 0 0J: AMP 0! 0 1H 1n 0 0] 01 0 0  0  03? 0Fr  0  0y  0M  04  0 . 0 ; 03[ 0F 0 0 0i 0P 0 J 0 W 03w 0F 0 0 0 0l 0 f 0 s 03  AW! 0F" 0c# 0U% 0Uh% 04% 08% 0)& 0oE' D3( BO( DK6) B) 0j) 0x+ 0e, 0- 0u/ 01 02 0X%4 0}5 0X6 0XT8 0p9 0; 0< 0a> 0d)@ 0A 1mC 1C 1D 1PE 1EnFN 0N 0DOnOSSTfU,V AV CW CW BW BW B7 X@XHX B*PXU:zXUBXXUN\E]U6]][L]]v]U:3^@m^o^    \  `*Times New RomanTTi& ' g:\docs\ecs\conf\crime\9858078e.wpdA/AC.254/4hl 0 . 13,488 h:Default ParaDefault Paragraph FontXXXW\  `*Times New RomanTTW        W\  `*Times New RomanTTWV-":footnote texfootnote text       ??  US     `:footnote reffootnote referenceXXXW\  `*Times New RomanTTW        W\  `*Times New RomanTTWH4Body TextBody Text  5+ $ r \F0!5&&&C)^A`ArialTTC        W\  `*Times New RomanTTW>4X` hp x (#>)^A`ArialTT$35;AGMSY_11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(#$  0  'e37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a) $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  11    Thisissueisalsodealtwithinarticle24. $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  24    Itwasnotedthatthisarticlewouldbesupersededbyarticle4bis. W $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  33    Theexpression assoonascircumstancespermitwasconsideredbysomedelegationstobeambiguousand,  therefore,itwasproposedtodeleteit.  $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  3    Thisoptionwouldincludetheinsertionofanillustrativelistofoffencesintothetravauxprparatoires.Furthermore,  accordingtothisoption,thearticleson,forexample,extraditionandmutuallegalassistancecouldinclude,asgroundsforrefusalofassistance, if,inviewofthecircumstancesofthesuspectedoffence,itevidentlydidnotinvolveacriminalorganizationandaccedingtotherequestwouldoverburdentheauthoritiesoftherequestedState.  $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  21    Itwassuggestedthatsubparagraph(d)couldbetransferredtothearticleonmutuallegalassistance.  $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  1    Atvariousstagesofthedrafting,certainwords,sentencesorentireparagraphswereplacedinsquarebrackets.Inthe  presentdocument,theabsenceofbracketsshouldnotbeconstruedasapprovalofthetextinquestionbytheinformalpreparatorymeetingheldatBuenosAiresfrom31Augustto4September1998.$35=EMU]em2(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)<6X9`(CourierXx6X@`7X@ 8 $/$   /X 0 iDJi&  57    SomedelegationsfeltthatitmightbedifficultforStatesPartiestoprovidereportsonsensitiveongoing  investigations.  $/$   /X 0 iDJi&  50    Severaldelegationsexpressedconcernaboutthefactthatthisarticledoesnotmakereferencetotheroleofthe  UnitedNationsintheprovisionoftrainingandtechnicalassistance.Adraftparagraphorparagraphsonthiscouldbeinserted. V $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  19    Thisparagraphcombinesoptions1and3intheearliertextofdocumentCICP/CONV/WP.1andwasnotdiscussed  attheinformalpreparatorymeeting.3|x\  `*Times New RomanTTC\  P6QP\  `*Times New RomanTTXXP\  P6QXP)^A`ArialTTomanTT&&Y^P-0Q&P DD  *Times New RomanTToDD0DXDhD(Pr$    HP LaserJet 5/5M - StandardHPPCL5G    0#e37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)<6X9`(CourierXx6X@`7X@h-":Texto de notTexto de nota al final       ??  US     ^:endnote refeendnote reference         d V%`d E $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  22    Itwassuggestedthatsubparagraph(e)couldbetransferredtothearticleontheroleoftheUnitedNationsandother  Мorganizations. $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  37    Somedelegatesexpressedconcernaboutthisgroundforrefusal.(D2V$ r!      /X 0 i Ji&  0    $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  38    SomedelegationsthoughtadegreeofdiscretioncouldbeprovidedtotherequestingStateindeterminingwhether  toprovidesafeconduct.Onedelegationexpressedareservationonthisparagraph.Ne`$3Texto de nota al fin  8.` hp x (#8     ??  US     >4X` hp x (#>Pe`$4Texto de nota al pie1  8.` hp x (#8     ??  US     >4X` hp x (#>88T,Tdc 1Tdc 1   (#        >4X` hp x (#>8;T,Tdc 2Tdc 2  ` (#        >4X` hp x (#>8>T,Tdc 3Tdc 3  ` (#        >4X` hp x (#>8>T,Tdc 4Tdc 4   (#        >4X` hp x (#>8>T,Tdc 5Tdc 5  h(#        >4X` hp x (#>88T,Tdc 6Tdc 6   (#        >4X` hp x (#>8YT,Tdc 7Tdc 7  8.` hp x (#8        >4X` hp x (#>88T,Tdc 8Tdc 8   (#        >4X` hp x (#>88T,Tdc 9Tdc 9   (#        >4X` hp x (#>@;T0index 1index 1  ` (#        >4X` hp x (#>@;T0index 2index 2  ` (#        >4X` hp x (#>^5T:Encabezado dEncabezado de tda   (#        >4X` hp x (#>8-",TitleTitle       ??  US     ^:_Equation Ca_Equation Caption        <8T.Tdc 11Tdc 11   (#        >4X` hp x (#><;T.Tdc 21Tdc 21  ` (#        >4X` hp x (#><>T.Tdc 31Tdc 31  ` (#        >4X` hp x (#><>T.Tdc 41Tdc 41   (#        >4X` hp x (#><>T.Tdc 51Tdc 51  h(#        >4X` hp x (#><8T.Tdc 61Tdc 61   (#        >4X` hp x (#><!.Tdc 71Tdc 71          <8T.Tdc 81Tdc 81   (#        >4X` hp x (#><8T.Tdc 91Tdc 91   (#        >4X` hp x (#>J5T$5Encabezado de tda1   (#        >4X` hp x (#>J$6_Equation Caption1        <6X9`(Courierd6X@C@;6X9`("Courier NewTTXXv6X@CX@DD  *Times New RomanTTXX-DD0DXDhDX<6X9`("Courier NewTTTTXXx6X@DQX@  r!@@   @  ݛi &i& 0X 0   42  Thedraftingofthisarticlerequiresfurtherconsideration.  r!@@   @   0Xi &i& 0   43  Thistermisintendedtocoverpersonswhomaybesubjecttodangerbyvirtueofaparticularlycloserelationship  withthewitness,butwhoarenotrelatives. ] r!@@   @  i &i& 0X 0   44  Dependingonthefinalwordingofthisparagraph,someofthemeasuressetforthcouldbeoptionalratherthan  required.  $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  48    Itwasproposedthatsubparagraphs(a)and(b)ofthisparagraphbetransferredtoparagraph2.<6X9`(CourierXx6X@`7X@ H $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  20    Withrespecttothesanctionsreferredtohere,itwasnotedthat,accordingtoarticle1,paragraph4,Statesmayadopt  stricterormoreseveremeasuresthanthoseforeseenintheConvention.AnothersuggestionwastoincludeaprovisionthatwouldencourageStatestoconsiderthecommissionofanoffencebyacriminalorganizationanaggravatingcircumstanceforthepurposeofsanctioning.  $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  36    Othergroundsforrefusalmightberequired.Onepossibleadditionalgroundmightbea discriminationclauseas  inarticle6,paragraph6,ofthe1988Convention.Anothergroundmaybea politicaloffence,inwhichcaseparagraph17wouldrequirereexamination. V $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  29    Somedelegationsexpressedtheconcernthatthisprovisioncouldlimittheobligationsunderthisarticle.Asissues  relatedtothemannerofexecutionofrequestsformutualassistanceweregovernedbyparagraph10,therewasnoneedforthisprovision.OtherdelegationsfeltthattheprovisionshouldberetainedandmovedtothefirstlineoftheparagraphafterϜtheword shall. F $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  39    Itwassuggestedthatthetravauxprparatoiresshouldincludedefinitionsofelectronicsurveillanceandundercover  operations. * $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  34    Itwasnotedthatthisprovisionmightcausedifficultiesinrespectofterritoriesthatdidnothavefullsovereignty.  $/$   /X 0 iDJi&  51    Itwassuggestedthattheadhoccommitteemightwishtoconsidertheestablishment,subjecttotheavailabilityof  extrabudgetaryresources,ofadatabasethatwouldincludetrainingmaterialsaswellasinformationconcerningavailabletrainingprogrammes.ItwasalsonotedthatthistaskcouldbecarriedoutbyaninstituteintheProgrammenetwork.  $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  30    Somedelegationsfeltthatthistermwasambiguousandperhapsabetterformulationcouldbefound,astherewas  agreementthatthepurposeoftheparagraphwastoensurethatthearticlewouldbeinterpretedinamannerthatwouldfacilitatemutualassistance.  $/$   /X 0 iDJi&  58    ItwassuggestedthatprovisionsmightbeinsertedinthisarticleonthepossibleroleoftheUnitedNationsin  preparingreportsoncurrentandemergingorganizedcriminalactivities,aswellasonnationalexperiencewithpreventivemeasuresandcountermeasures,andincollectingandanalysinginformationandresearchfindings. " $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  4    Thisoptionwouldincludetheinsertionofanillustrativelistofoffencesintothetravauxprparatoires.  $/$   /X 0 iDJi&  53    TherewaswidespreadacceptanceoftheprinciplethattheConventionshouldincludeprovisionsonprevention.The  delegationoftheNetherlandsundertooktoprovideanewtextforthefirstmeetingoftheadhoccommittee.  $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  26    Itwassuggestedthat,asdemonstratedintheimplementationofsimilarlyformulatedprovisionsinthe1988  МConvention,theuseoftheword mayprovidedStateswithextensivediscretion,whichentailedtheriskofrenderingsuchaprovisionineffective. ~ $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  35    Itwasagreedthatthisexpressionshouldbedeemedtoincludethesubmissionofarequestbymodernmeansof  communications,undercircumstancesthatprovideanindicationofauthenticity. $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  5    UnitedNationspublication,SalesNo.E.91.XI.6. $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  32    Seefootnote28above. $/$   /X 0 iDJi&  54    Thisproposalwasnotdiscussedattheinformalpreparatorymeeting.  $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  16    Theterm financialinstitutionincludes,ataminimum,banks,otherdepositoryinstitutions,andappropriatenon  bankprovidersoffinancialservices(suchassecuritiesdealersorbrokers,commoditiesfuturesdealersorbrokers,currencydealersandexchangers,fundtransmittersandcasinos). c $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  31    Somedelegationsfeltthatarticle14shouldnotcreatedetailedobligationstoprovidespecificformsofmutual  assistance.Intheirview,paragraph2couldinsteadreadasfollows:UKUS., StatesPartiesshallcarryouttheirobligationsunderparagraph1inconformitywithanytreatiesonmutualassistancethatmayexistbetweenthemorpursuanttodomesticlawUS.,UK.,}.C:\OFFICE\WPWIN\TEMPLATE\STANDARD.WPT  $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  25    Itwassuggestedthatthereshouldbeprovisionforthesettlementofdisputesoverjurisdiction. M $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  23    ItwassuggestedthatthereshouldbenoconfiscationbytheStateofanypropertytowhichabonafidethirdparty  hadalegitimateclaim.  $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  12    Itwassuggestedthatthisarticleprovidedagoodbasisfordiscussion,sinceitservedasabridgebetweenciviland  commonlawsystems.However,onedelegationconsideredtheconcepttobecomplex,requiringfurtheranalysis.  $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  13    Itwassuggestedthatthelackofadefinitionofmoneylaunderinginthisarticlewouldneedtobeaddressed.Itwas  alsosuggestedthatsuchadefinitionshouldcoverabroadrangeofpredicateoffences. { $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  28    Itwassuggestedthatthesubstanceofthisparagraphcouldbeintegratedwithamoregeneralarticleonthe  relationshipofthisConventiontootherbilateralormultilateraltreaties. F $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  14    Somedelegationsexpressedreservationsstemmingfromdifficultiesofaconstitutionalnatureregardingreversal  oftheburdenofproof. $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  17    Onecountryexpressedreservationsregardingtheeliminationofbanksecrecy.  $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  15    Therewasnodiscussiononthisarticleduringtheinformalpreparatorymeeting.Onedelegationexpressedtheview  thatthisissueshouldbeviewedtakingintoaccountotherregionalinitiatives. L $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  41    Thisarticlewasthesubjectofextensivediscussion.Whileitwasagreedthatforpurposesofinvestigation,  prosecutionandadjudicationinformationonthecriminalhistoryofasuspectordefendantmightberequested,thereweredifficultiesinformalrecognitionofforeignjudgements.Somedelegationsfeltthatitwouldbeusefulifapriorforeignconvictionweretobetakenintoaccountinsubsequentsentencingproceedings.Inconnectionwiththisarticle,threepossiblesolutionswereenvisagedbysomedelegations:(a)priorconvictionscouldbeconsideredinformation,alongthelinesofarticle18bis;(b)Statescouldundertaketorespondtorequests,madeinthecontextofmutuallegalassistance,  relatedtopriorconvictionsofanindividual;and(c)thearticlecouldberedraftedinamorediscretionarymanner,thatis, EachStateshouldadopt....  $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  27    Seefootnote26above.Itwassuggestedthattheword shallasusedinthisoptionwouldgivepreferentialstatus  tothisConventioninextradition.Suchacourseofactionwouldrequiremuchmoredetailedprovisionsonextradition.!U h $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  2    Itwassuggestedthatthisparagraphseekingtodefineorganizedcrimecouldbeplacedinaseparatearticleon  definitions(article2bis󛣀inthepresentdraft).  $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  40    Somedelegationsfeltthatthesubjectmatterofthisarticlecouldbebesttreatedunderarticle9,paragraph5,orthose  portionsofarticles11and12thatdealwithdomesticprosecutioninlieuofextraditionofnationals.(ON  Z 6Times New Roman Regular 9 $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  46    Paragraphs4and5,oncooperationwithlawenforcementauthorities,werenotdiscussedattheinformalpreparatory  meeting.  $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  47    Whilesupportingtheideaofdirectlawenforcementcooperation,somedelegationsfeltthatthisarticleneeded  furtherconsiderationinordertodirectattentiontoitsrelationshipwithmoretraditionalmeansofcooperationsuchasmutualassistance. $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  6    Resolution317(IV),annex. $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  7    LeagueofNationsTreatySeries,vol.112,p.171. $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  8    UnitedNations,TreatySeries,vol.823,No.11806.(l3$ r!      $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  9    [Tobecompleted.] $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  10    UnitedNations,TreatySeries,vol.1456,No.24631. \ $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  45    Onedelegationexpressedtheviewthatthetextshouldmakeclearthatthesemeasuresneedtobeconsistentwith  therightofthedefencetocrossexamination. t $/$   /X 0 iDJi&  56    Itwassuggestedthatthisarticlewouldrequireextensiveredraftingsinceitincludedlanguagethatwouldperhaps  bemoreappropriateinaresolutionratherthaninatreaty.Furthermore,itwassuggestedthatamonitoringorfollowupmechanismwouldrequireathoroughdiscussionofissuessuchasconfidentialityinrespectofanyreportscontainingsensitiveoperationalinformationandinvolvementofnongovernmentalorganizations. ? r!@@   @  z &i&    44  Dependingonthefinalwordingofthisparagraph,someofthemeasuressetforthcouldbeoptionalratherthan  required. { $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  18    ThescopeofthisConventionisstillsubjecttodeliberation.Forthisreason,throughoutthepresenttextthe  alternatives anoffenceestablishedinarticle(s)___(whichinthecurrentdraftwouldbearticles3and4,onparticipationinacriminalorganization,andmoneylaundering)and anoffencecoveredbythisConvention(whichwouldhaveabroaderscope,asestablishedbyarticle2)areprovided,asappropriate. 6 $V$   /X 0 i Ji&  49    Thisisanewissueproposedforthefirsttimeduringtheinformalpreparatorymeetinganddiscussedonly  preliminarily.  $/$   /X 0 iDJi&  52    Onedelegationexpressedconcernabouttheappropriatenessofthisterminthiscontext. $/$   /X 0 iDJi&  55    Thecontentofthisarticlerequiresfurtherconsideration.- -(ON  Z 6Times New Roman Regular  $/$   /X 0 iDJi&  59    Anumberofdelegationsthoughtthatpublicdisseminationofreportsmightnotbeadvisable. $/$   /X 0 iDJi&  60    Thisisanewproposalandwasdiscussedonlypreliminarily.  $/$   /X 0 iDJi&  61    Itwasobservedthatthisarticlemightalsohavetoaddresstherelationshipwithbilateralandregionaltreaties.  r!@@   @      44  Dependingonthefinalwordingofthisparagraph,someofthemeasuressetforthcouldbeoptional  ratherthanrequired.  $/$   /X 0 iDJi&  62    Itwasobservedthatconsiderationwouldneedtobegiventothe1988Conventionindrawingupthisarticle. Q o)   V.9856250(E) w $/$   /X 0 iDJi&  64    Thenumberofinstrumentsofratificationforeseeninthisarticleisthesameasthatrequiredinthe1988Convention.  Onedelegationthoughtthat40mightbeamoreappropriatenumber. 4 &   @ @ n<( Fa:  yXX<<>V9858078e.wpdSJOBNO>><>A/AC.254/4SYMBOL1>><><>H(l3$ r!       s '   @##  1  ڀ r!@@   @  ݛ    42  Thedraftingofthisarticlerequiresfurtherconsideration. G r!@@   @      43  Thistermisintendedtocoverpersonswhomaybesubjecttodangerbyvirtueofaparticularlyclose  relationshipwiththewitness,butwhoarenotrelatives.  r!@@   @      44  Dependingonthefinalwordingofthisparagraph,someofthemeasuressetforthcouldbeoptional  ratherthanrequired. \ $/$   /X 0  Ji&  45    Onedelegationexpressedtheviewthatthetextshouldmakeclearthatthesemeasuresneedtobeconsistentwith  therightofthedefencetocrossexamination.(ON  Z 6Times New Roman Regular r!@@   @  ݛ &i&    42  Thedraftingofthisarticlerequiresfurtherconsideration.(ON  Z 6Times New Roman Regular r!@@   @  ݛ &i&    42  Thedraftingofthisarticlerequiresfurtherconsideration.(ON  Z 6Times New Roman Regular f r!@@   @   &i&    43  Thistermisintendedtocoverpersonswhomaybesubjecttodangerbyvirtueofaparticularlycloserelationship  withthewitness,butwhoarenotrelatives.(ON  Z 6Times New Roman Regular(;$2e  0  .3  0   (   i &i&A/AC.254/4  Page  2    $/$   /X 0 iDJi&  63    Itwassuggestedthatparagraphs3,4and5werenotappropriate.Theobservationwasalsomadethatinorderto  ensurethatreservationscouldnotbemade,anexpressprovisiontothateffectwasrequired.Otherwise,generalinternationallawontreaties(andinparticulartheViennaConventionontheLawofTreaties)wouldnonethelessallowreservationstobemade.Otherdelegationsexpressedtheirstrongpreferenceforanarticlethatwouldspecificallyallowforreservations.  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TRW6&A43' 6&A4 - portrait3'T* XXxXX*y  i&i&v>ixyϛ7m&&d&&d7zUEAz|&! p@ H@E&!&!UNITED  bNATIONS?u'_dE_?|YIEz|2` F^@ H@E21O2& & & uu#v&#&v>(#v1&v&##iFv1G#v1iFGeneralAssembly  ?u'G_dEG_?#v&#&v1##i&m&&v&## W J Distr.    % ~ GENERAL%~9   %  A/AC.254/4% %  15December1998%  ORIGINAL:%  %?ENGLISH AdHocCommitteeontheElaborationofa  ЀConventionagainstTransnationalOrganizedCrime  u FirstsessionVienna,1929January1999̆ @bDraftUnitedNationsConventionagainstTransnationalOrganizedCrime   #  1      כ  @!!%bArticle1 xk @bStatementofobjectives RE ̜3/1  XXxX3Option10 0   1. 2 ThepurposeofthisConventionistopromotecooperationamongtheStatesPartiessothatthey  mayaddressmoreeffectivelythevariousaspectsoforganizedcrimehavinganinternationaldimension.IncarryingouttheirobligationsundertheConvention,thePartiesshalltakenecessarymeasures,includinglegislativeandadministrativemeasures,inconformitywiththefundamentalprovisionsoftheirrespectivedomesticlegislativesystems. 0#0# ̜Option20 0   1. 2 StatesPartiescommitthemselvestocooperatetothewidestextentpossibleintheprevention !}!# andcontroloftransnationalorganizedcrime. 0#0#     0 0   2. 2 ForthepurposeofthisConvention, organizedcrimemeansgroupactivitiesofthreeormore $ $& persons,withhierarchicallinksorpersonalrelationships,whichpermittheirleaderstoearnprofitsorcontrolterritoriesormarkets,internalorforeign,bymeansofviolence,intimidationorcorruption,bothinfurtheranceofcriminalactivityandinordertoinfiltratethelegitimateeconomy.g  #  2      כ&&)0#0# ̜  Z(M(+ yϛ  Pomotionofimplementation   М 0 3.  EachStatePartyshalltakeeffectivemeasurestopromotewithinitsterritoryaccountabilityandthe  scrutinyofitsactionintheimplementationofthisConvention.̜ 0 4.  AStatePartymayadoptmorestrictorseveremeasuresthanthoseprovidedforbythisConvention K B if,initsopinion,suchmeasuresaredesirableornecessaryforthepreventionorsuppressionoforganizedcrime.x@!!%bArticle2   @kkbScopeofapplicationOption10 0   1. 2 StatesPartiescommitthemselvestocooperatetothewidestextentpossibleincombating   transnationalorganizedcrime.Forthatpurpose,theConventionshallapplyto[theprevention,Ϝinvestigationandprosecutionof]seriouscrime,whichisdefinedasanyoffencepunishable[intherequestingState]byimprisonmentorotherdeprivationoflibertyofnotlessthan____years.Theseriousnessoftheoffencemayalsobeinferredfromtheinvolvementofacriminalorganizationincommittingtheoffence,thetransnationaleffecto